Acquisition of knowledge Essay

Aims: 1. To foster acquisition of knowledge and understanding of terms, concepts, facts, processes, techniques and principles relating to the subject of Chemistry. 2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of contents and principles of Chemistry in new or unfamiliar situations. 3. To develop skills in proper handling of apparatus and chemicals. 4. To develop an ability to appreciate achievements in the field of Chemistry and its role in nature and society. 5. To develop an interest in activities involving usage of the knowledge of Chemistry. 6. To develop a scientific attitude through the study of Physical Sciences. 7. To acquaint students with the emerging frontiers and interdisciplinary aspects of the subject. 8. To develop skills relevant to the discipline. 9. To apprise students with interface of Chemistry with other disciplines of Science, such as, Physics, Biology, Geology, Engineering, etc. CLASS XI There will be two papers in the subject. Paper I: Theory- 3 hours Paper II: Practical – 3 hours Project Work Practical File †¦ 70 marks †¦20 marks †¦ 7 marks †¦ 3 marks Main postulates of the theory. Its limitations. Modern atomic theory. Laws of chemical combinations: Law of conservation of mass. Law of definite proportion. Law of multiple proportion. Law of reciprocal proportion. Gay-Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes. Statement, explanation and simple problems based on these laws. (ii) Atomic and isotopic masses. The atomic mass unit is one of the experimentally determined unit. It is equal to 1/12 of the mass of the carbon 12 isotope. (iii) Chemical equivalents, volumetric calculations in terms of normality. C = 12.00 should be taken as a standard for expressing atomic masses. Equivalent weight expresses the combining capacity of the elements with the standard elements such as H, Cl, O, Ag, etc. Variable equivalent weight. Gram equivalent weights, r elationship between gram equivalent weight, gram molecular weight and valency. Determination of equivalent weight of acids, alkalis, salts, oxidising and reducing agents. (experimental details not required). 128 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks There will be one paper of 3 hours duration divided into 2 parts. Part I (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short  answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus. Part II (50 marks) will be divided into 3 Sections, A, B and C. Candidates are required to answer two out of three questions from Section A (each carrying 10 marks), two out of three questions from Section B (each carrying 5 marks) and two out of three questions from Section C (each carrying 10 marks). Therefore, a total of six questions are to be answered in Part II. SECTION A 1. Atoms and Molecules (i) The concept of atoms having fixed properties in explaining the laws of chemical combination. The study about the atoms. Dalton’s atomic theory: Terms used in volumetric calculations such as percentage (w/w and w/v), normality, molarity, molality, mole fraction, etc. should be discussed. Students are required to know the formulae. Simple calculations on the above topics. (iv) Relative molecular mass and mole. The following methods may be considered for the determination of relative molecular masses for the gases: the molar volume method; Victor Meyer’s method (experimental details not required). Numerical problems based on the above method and Victor Meyer’s method. Mole concept, Avogadro’s number and numerical problems on mole concept. Gram molecular volume. (v) Chemical Reaction calculations based mass-volume and relationships. Self explanatory. 2. Atomic Structure (i) Electrons, Protons and Neutrons as fundamental particles, their charges and masses. Concept of indivisibility of atom as proposed by Dalton does not exist. The atom consists of subatomic fundamental particles. Production of cathode rays and their properties. Production of anode rays and their properties. Chadwick’s experiment for the discovery of neutron and properties of neutron. (ii) Rutherford’s nuclear model based on the scattering experiment. Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom. Rutherford’s scattering experiment. Discovery of nucleus. Defects of Rutherford model. (iii) Bohr’s atomic model. 1. Postulates of Bohr’s theory – based on Planck’s quantum theory. 2. Numericals on Bohr’s atomic radii, velocity and energy of orbits (derivation not required). 129 – Stoichiometric on mass-mass, volume-volume 3. Defects in the Bohr’s Model. (iv) Atomic structure: wave mechanical model-  a simple mathematical treatment. Quantum numbers; shape, size and orientation of s and p orbitals only. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. Pauli’s exclusion principle, Aufbau principle, electronic configuration of elements in terms of s, p, d, f subshells. †¢ Wave mechanical model – experimental verification of wave nature of electron. †¢ de Broglie’s equation. Numericals. †¢ Heisenberg’s Numericals. uncertainity principle. †¢ Quantum numbers – types of quantum numbers, information obtained in terms of distance of electron from the nucleus, energy of electron, number of electrons present in an orbit and an orbital. †¢ Pauli’s exclusion principle. Shape, size and orientation of the s and p subshells. †¢ Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. †¢ Aufbau principle, (n+l) rule. †¢ Electronic configuration of elements in terms of s, p, d, f subshells. 3. Periodic Table (i) Atomic number (Proton number) as the basis for classification of the elements in the Periodic Table. IUPAC nomenclature for elements with Z> 100. Mendeleev’s periodic law, defects in the Mendeleev’s periodic table. Advantages and disadvantages. Modern periodic law (atomic number taken as the basis of classification of the elements). Extended and long form of periodic table. General characteristics of groups and periods. Division of periodic table as s, p, d and f blocks. (ii) Extra nuclear structure as the basis of periodicity. Some idea of the following: ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, atomic radius, atomic volume, electronegativity, etc must be given. The periodicity of electronic structure leading to the periodicity of elements e.g the relative ease of ionisation of elements. †¢ Periodic properties such as valence electrons, atomic volume, atomic and ionic radii and their variation in groups and periods. †¢ The idea of ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity must be given and their variation in groups and periods may be discussed. †¢ The factors (atomic number, atomic volume and shielding effect, the number of electrons in the outermost orbit) which affect these periodic properties and their variation in groups and periods. (iii) Periodicity of elements with reference to s, p, d and f block elements. Classification of elements on the basis of s, p, d, f block elements and also on the basis of their complete and incomplete electron shells. Study of the periodicity of properties  mentioned in point (ii) in terms of s, p, d, f blocks and the governing factors in terms of the block characteristics. 4. Chemical Bonding Electrovalent Bond (i) Electrovalent or ionic bond e.g formation of NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2 S. Cause of chemical combination, Octet rule, types of chemical bonds. Electrovalent formation of NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2S. Properties of ionic compounds. Electron dot structure of the following ionic compounds: NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2S must be taught in detail. (ii) Factors influencing the formation of ionic bond, e.g electron gain enthalpy, ionisation enthalpy, lattice energy and electronegativity. The conditions necessary for the formation of ionic bonds such as: low ionisation enthalpy of metals. high electron gain enthalpy of non-metals. high lattice energy. All these points must be discussed in detail. (iii) The relation between the ionic bonding and Periodic Table. The relationship between the formation of cations and anions of the atoms and their positions in the periodic table should be discussed. Correlate the periodic property and the position of the elements in the periodic table to show the ease of formation of anions and cations and electrovalent and covalent compounds. (iv) Variable electrovalency and its causes. Variable electrovalency; reasons for variable electrovalency i.e, due to inert electron pair effect, by using suitable examples. Covalent Bond (i) Covalent bond, sigma and pi bonds e.g. formation of ammonia, nitrogen, ethene, ethyne, and carbon dioxide. Resonance. Definition of covalent bonding, conditions for formation of covalent bonds, types of covalent bonds i.e single, double and triple bonds. Sigma and pi bonds. H2, O2, N2. Classification of covalent bonds based on electronegativity of atoms – polar and non polar covalent bond, dipole moment, formation of CH4, H2O, NH3, ethane, ethene, ethyne and CO2, etc. and their electron dot structure or Lewis structure. Characteristics of covalent compounds. Comparison in electrovalency and covalency. Resonance in simple inorganic molecules like ozone, carbon dioxide, carbonate ion and nitrate  ion. (ii) Variable valency: chlorine exhibits the valency of 1,3,5 & 7 respectively. Variable valency, cause of variable covalency e.g. chlorine exhibits the valency 1, 3, 5 and 7 respectively. Discuss in terms of atomic structure. Variable covalency of phosphorus and sulphur may be discussed. Discuss in terms of atomic structure. (iii) Deviation from Octet rule and Fajan’s rules. Definition of Octet rule. Failure of Octet rule, due to either incomplete octet or exceeding of Octet with suitable examples. Fajan’s rules: Statements. Conditions for electrovalency and covalency must be discussed. Polar and non polar bonds should be correlated with Fajan’s rules. (viii) Molecular orbital theory, Qualitative treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of first two periods. Energy level diagrams, bonding, antibonding molecular orbitals, bond order, paramagnetism of O2 molecule. Relative stabilities of O2, O2-, O2- – , O2+, O2++ Self-explanatory. 5. The Gaseous State (i) The gas laws, qualitatively. kinetic theory treated (iv) Co-ordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g.  formation of oxy-acids of chlorine. Co-ordinate or dative covalent bonding: definition, formation of hypochlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, ammonium ion, hydronium ion, nitric acid, ozone – structural formulae of the above molecules based on co-ordinate bonding. (v) Hydrogen bonding: its essential requirements, the examples of hydrogen fluoride, water (ice), alcohol, etc may be considered. H-bonding – definition, types, condition for hydrogen bond formation, examples of inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in detail taking hydrogen fluoride, water and ice and ethanol into account. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding. (vi) Metallic bonding, Van der Waals’ forces. Metallic bonding – Electron sea model and band model. Explanation of metallic properties in terms of metallic bonding. Van der Waals’ forces and its types. (vii)Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory; Hybridisation and shapes of molecules: hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; sigma and pi bonds. Concept of electron-pair repulsion and shapes of  molecules taking methane, ammonia and water as examples. Hybridisation and molecular shapes – definition, hybridization of orbitals involving s, p and d orbitals (examples: ethane, ethene, ethyne, PCl5 and SF6). Characteristics of gases, comparison between solid, liquid and gas. Properties of gases on the basis of kinetic theory of gases. Laws of gases – Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Absolute Temperature, Pressure Temperature Law, Avogadro’s Law. Simple numerical problems based on the above laws. Postulates of Kinetic Theory must be discussed to explain gas laws. (ii) PV = nRT or PV= (w/M)RT and the application of this equation of state. Ideal gas equation PV = nRT; its application in calculation of relative molecular mass and in the calculation of the value of R. (iii) Non ideal behaviour of gases and Van der Waals’ equation. Non ideal behaviour of gases i.e. deviation from gas laws may be discussed at low and at high temperature and pressure. Van der Waals’ equation (P + a/V2) (V-b) = RT for one mole of a gas. The pressure correction and volume correction may be explained. (iv) Dalton’s law, the Avogadro constant, the mole, Graham’s law of diffusion, simple numerical problems on the above. †¢ Dalton’s Law of partial pressure. †¢ Application of Dalton’s Law. †¢ Numerical problems based on the above law. †¢ Avogadro’s constant. †¢ Relationship between the mole and Avogadro number. Graham’s Law of diffusion and its application. †¢ Simple numerical problems on the above. 6. Colloidal Solutions Preparation and properties of colloids, both lyophilic and lyophobic colloids. Precipitation as evidence that the colloidal particles are charged. Idea of gold number is required, but application of gold number is not required. The importance of large surface area in adsorption should also be appreciated. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Thomas Graham classified the substances as crystalloid and colloid. Classification of substances on the basis of the particle size i.e. true solution, sol and suspension. Colloidal system is heterogeneous. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids. Classification of colloidal solutions as micro, macro and associated colloids. Preparation of lyophilic colloids. Preparation of  lyophobic colloids by colloid mill, peptisation, Bredig’s arc method (procedural details not required) by oxidation, reduction, double decomposition and exchange of solvent method should be discussed. Purification of colloids (dialysis, ultra filtration, and ultracentrifugation). Properties of colloidal solutions such as Brownian movement, Tyndall effect, coagulation and protection (protective colloids), should be discussed. Gold number and Hardy Schulze rule. Application of colloids in life. Electrophoresis (movement of dispersed phase). Emulsions, surfactants, micelles (only definition and examples). 8. Chemical Energetics (i) Introduction. (a) Scope of thermodynamics- characteristics of thermodynamics. (b) Types of system – ideal system, real system, isolated system, closed system, open system. (c) Meaning of surrounding. (d) Properties of the system: macroscopic, intensive and extensive properties of the system. (e) State of the system. (f) Main processes the system undergoes: reversible, irreversible, adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, cyclic. (g) Meaning of thermodynamic equilibrium. (h) Meaning of thermodynamic process. (ii) First law of Thermodynamics mathematical statement. and its (a) Idea of conservation of energy – total energy of the system and the surrounding. (b) Meaning of internal energy of the system and change in internal energy of the system. (c) Meaning of work done by the system and by the surrounding at constant temperature. (d) Meaning of heat absorbed by the system and by the surrounding at constant temperature. (e) The sign convention for change in internal energy, heat given out or gained, work done by the system or by the surrounding. (f) State function and path function- meaning with examples. (g) Internal energy change, work done and heat absorbed in a cyclic process. (h) Internal energy change in an isolated system and in non isolated system. 7. Chemical Kinetics Rate of a chemical reaction, basic idea of order and molecularity of a reaction. Rate of a chemical reaction; Relation between order and the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced equation; Meaning of molecularity. Differences between the order and molecularity of the reaction. Physical significance of entropy State function and not path function. Relationship between adiabatic change and entropy. Entropy change of the universe and a reversible isothermal process. Entropy change of the universe and irreversible process. Meaning of thermal death. Meaning of energy content and work content (free energy) of the system – thermodynamic quantity – state function. Types of work and meaning of the two types of work. Meaning of Helmholtz’s Free energy and Gibb’s free energy and the change in Gibb’s and Helmholtz’s free energy. Relationship between Gibb’s free energy and Helmholtz’s free energy. Simple calculation on the change in Gibb’s free energy and Helmholtz’s free energy. Relationship between change in Gibb’s free energy and equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction. Change in Gibb’s free energy in reversible, irreversible, isobaric and isochoric processes. Based on change in Gibb’s free energy, defining the criteria for the spontaneity of a change in terms of entropy and enthalpy; defining the limits for reversible chemical reactions. (k) Chemical change and internal energy. (l) Need for enthalpy – constant pressure or open vessel processes. (m) Enthalpy a thermodynamic property – state function. (n) Mathematical form constant pressure. (iii) Ideas about Heat, Work and Energy. Heat – the energy in transit.  Condition for the transfer of heat. Limitation in conversion of heat into work. Condition at which heat transfer ceases. Unit of heat. Meaning of energy – capacity to do work. Meaning of work – intensity factor and capacity factor. Types of work. Mathematical form of reversible work. Mathematical form of irreversible work. Difference between the reversible and irreversible work done – graphically. Adiabatic reversible expansion. Relationship between Cv and internal energy change.

Gambling in College Football Essay

Today’s new generation has accepted gambling more than any previous generation. People are playing poker and betting on games one the internet and even on college campus. According to them it is a social activity and there is nothing wrong in gambling. This negative attitude has made this problem seep down to the highest level of human population, its intellect (Oregon Department of Human Services, 2005). Gambling is a social problem which not only threatens the academic success of a student but also depletes the financial resources. Risking money in the hope of winning is called gambling. Gambling includes lottery tickets, online betting games, cards, dice, dominoes etc (University of Texas, 2004). In past few months various football gambling stories have created a chaos among the coaches and administration of various colleges. Colleges are constantly trying to find new ways of finding and punishing the culprits. The main concern however, is to create such rules which can prevent students from placing a bet and hence getting involved in this organized crime. In past few years gambling incidents have been recorded from quite known and influential colleges. These include Arizona State University, Boston College, University of Colorado, Columbia University, Fresno State University, and Northwestern University etc. According to a research done by a student from the University of Michigan, almost 72% of the students had gambled in one way or the other. Almost 80% of these were male students (Cross & Vollano, n. d). In order to understand the issue of student athlete gambling in more than an anecdotal way, this study was developed to learn the extent and nature of student athlete gambling. According to The National Association of Student Personnel Administration (NAPSA), gambling is a problem not just in athlete students but in all students. They constantly urge college management to develop programs which aware students about the potential hazards of gambling (The National Association of Student Personnel Administration, 2007). In 1874, college professional sports had its first scandal. Louisville college football players were accused of gambling against their own team. According to Arnie Wexler, who was a former College football gambler, and is now a recognized expert on compulsive gambling; â€Å"It’s easier to place a bet on a college campus than it is to buy a can of beer or a package of cigarettes, you just pick up a telephone and call a bookie on campus. You don’t even have to leave your room† (Kindred, 1996). This is absolutely true. The college administration usually does not care about such things. They burry their heads in the sand and if asked pretend as if nothing is wrong is happening. For past half century the college football and basketball has been full of wagering incidents. The National Collegiate athletic Association (NCAA) did a survey in 2003. According to that survey almost one percent of the total college football players accepted money for poor performance. Moreover, half the time they played, they were able to change the outcome of the game by their performance. It was also found that almost 15% of the non athlete students also gambled. It is not just the gambling part, but the players usually provide inside information to the gamblers and help them win (National Collegiate athletic Association, 2003). Students who gamble risk their careers to fulfill their need and obsession to gamble. Such activities do not necessarily occur in the isolation of college but the culprits might get together in a friends place in order to place the bet. Bets can be placed in the internet and in some cases via phone also. In 2004, two student bookies were caught. They were convicted of sports bribery. Stevin Hedake Smith owed almost $10,000 to a student bookie. In order to pay him back he agreed with the bookie to play poorly at the game. The FBI became suspicious and later caught him and his friends. After this incident the NCAA changed quite a few rules of the game. Though before gambling was always condemned, but it was never a definite rule. However, after this event, the NCAA has anti gambling rules in black and white (Gabriel, 2004). Sometimes even a simple thing as accepting gift certificate can be termed as gambling too. In a simple event, few women participated in a simple ‘pick a winner’ game and earned gift certificates of $50. When the college administration found out about this they banned those students from playing in the football team. Due to this event, accepting gift certificates was against the rules (National Endowment for financial education, 2004). According to the NCAA; â€Å"You may not place any bet of any sort on any college or professional sports event. You may not give information to anyone who does place bets on college or professional sports† (National Endowment for financial education, 2004). Moreover, the NCAA further explains these rules as: – There can be no betting on any sport, whether it involves your college or not. There can be no wager for any item i. e. cash, shirt, dinner etc. – No sports pools – No internet gambling – No fantasy leagues (this means no fee for participation and no prize for winning) – No information exchange about your or any other team (including injury, or anyother problems) (NCAA, 2005; NCAA, 2003). Looking at the table below it can be determined how many students playing college football engage them selves in wagering activities and how many think that the rules above have really made a difference. Figure: Comparison of proportion of S_As who gamble on college sports versus proportion who says that NCAA Rules discourage sports wagering Source: NCAA, 2004 The change in the rules of college football has certainly reduces the amount of bets placed. Though at some level students are still gambling, but if caught they know that their careers will come to an end. The amount of shame and humiliation caused by the media coverage also has an impact on the number of bets placed every year. According to the new rules by NCAA, any student who is caught violating the game rules will not be allowed to play in any of the plays he has formerly registered too. This means his entire career comes to a halt. Such strict rules have helped in the reduction of wagering issues (NCAA news release, 1999). In August 2007, several students complained that the coaches were using text messages to gamble or place bets. Almost 75% of the people voted in favor of banning text messaging. Due to the gambling problem, yet another rule had to be placed. According to the New York Times, the NCAA has now placed a ban on text messaging. The president of NCAA was disappointed so much that he called this â€Å"an embarrassment to all of intercollegiate athletics† (Thomas, 2008). The coaches have tried to work around this rule too. According to many coaches as there is no ban for e-mailing they can place bets on the e-mails. Many cell phone companies allow e-mailing also, so coaches are now trying new ways without breaking any rules (Miller, 2008). The administration should always clearly state the rules, as not doing so means leaving a loop hole, with the help of which the students can gamble. Sometimes, the committee can accuse somebody of gambling, but such a person might not have understood the rules properly. In 2004 a former football coach was accused of gambling. He later sued NCAA for accusing him and later firing him. According to him he did not understand the way NCAA operates. Hence it is not just about defining rules, but explaining them in such a way that everybody understands them (Yaeger et al, 2004). Gambling in college football has very grave consequences. A student can get expelled from college, get humiliated in news stories, can become an embarrassment for himself and his family, get banned from all professional sports, become a victim of organized crime, ruin his financial resources and sometimes even end up in jail. To summarize, wagering can destroy a person’s life. It is not only the responsibility of the students themselves, but the responsibility of the college administration to help create awareness among students so that no student get involved in these matters and does not become a victim of bookies. Even though the generation today has certainly got more involved in gambling, poker, wagering etc, but measures can be taken in order to help these students. Many organizations are working and are constantly trying to help these students break their habits. It might be difficult but not impossible. The management and the administration of the colleges should also instead of ignoring these things, in order to help prevent scandals and create a bad name of their schools, should help students get over this habit. Rules should be devised which are clear and strict. College students are the most important part of any population, and if they get involved in these things, this means that the human intellect has been affected. References Cross, Michael E. & Vollano, Ann G. (n. d). Gambling Education. University of Michigan. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. umich. edu/~mgoblue/compliance/gambling/summary. html Gabriel, Walter (2004). Gambling common at colleges during March Madness: Office pool cost coach his job. Louisiana State University. The Daily Reveille. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://media. www. lsureveille. com/media/storage/paper868/news/2004/03/11/Sports/Gambling. Common. At. Colleges. During. March. Madness-2048935. shtml Kindred, David. (1996). Ignoring gambling won’t make it go away – gambling at college campuses – Column. The Sporting News. November 18. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_n47_v220/ai_18869994 Miller, Phil (2008). Like Water Around A dam. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from: http://marketpower. typepad. com/market_power/college_football/index. html National Collegiate athletic Association (2003). Sports wagering; study on collegiate sports wagering and associated behaviors. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. ncaa. org/library/research/sports_wagering/2003/2003_sports_wagering_study. pdf National Endowment for financial education (2004). Don’t bet on it: put your money on a real winner, yourself. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. ncaa. org/gambling/dontbetonit/2004. pdf NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association). (2005). NCAA rules and regulations. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. iupui. edu/~athlete/handbook/rules. html NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association). (2003). Protect: Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. ncaa. org/library/general/general_brochure/2003/2003_gen_info. pdf NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association). (2004). Comparison of proportion of S_As who gamble on college sports versus proportion who say that NCAA Rules discourage sports wagering. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. ncaa. org/gambling/2003NationalStudy/slideShow/sld028. htm NCAA News release (1999). Report Of the NCAA Division I Working Group to Study Basketball Issues. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. ncaa. org/releases/basketballissues/1999082001bi. htm Oregon Department of Human Services (2005). Gambling and College Students: Literature Review. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. oregon. gov/DHS/addiction/gambling/collegestudents-gambling. pdf Thomas, Katie. (2008). N. C. A. A. Ban on Text-Messaging as Recruiting Tool Will Remain. The New York Times. 13th Jan. Retrieved January 3,2008 from: http://www. nytimes. com/2008/01/13/sports/13ncaa. html? _r=3&ref=ncaafootball&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin The National Association of Student Personnel Administration. NAPSA. (2007). Students affairs administrators in higher education. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. naspa. org/pubs/index. cfm University of Texas (2004). Gambling; You bet your life. The councelling and mental health centre. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://www. utexas. edu/student/cmhc/booklets/gambling/gamb. html Yaeger, Thomas, E. Benjamin A. Converse, Doug Ulrich, David Codron, Ryan Restivo (2004). Your turn. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_46_228/ai_n6362465

Excretion and Osmoregulation Essay

In every aspect of an environment, there is a variance in the concentration of fluids present in the environment and the bodies of organisms. Osmoregulation is the regulation of water and ion concentrations in the body. Keeping this regulation precise is critical in maintaining life in a cell. Balance of water and ions is partly linked to excretion, the removal of metabolic wastes from the body. An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat Introduction: Osmoregulation is the control of water content and the concentration of salts in the body of an animal. In freshwater species osmoregulation must counteract the tendency for water to pass into the animal by osmosis. Various methods have been developed to eliminate the excess such as contractile vacuoles in protozoans and kidneys in freshwater fish. Marine vertebrates have the opposite problem; these species prevent excessive water loss and enhance the excretion of salts with short tubules. In terrestrial vertebrates the dangers of desiccation are reduced by the presence of long renal tubules that increase the reabsorption of water and salts. Moreover, an osmoregulator is referred to as the state when body fluids whose concentration is different from that of their environment, so these organisms use up a lot of energy in having to control and gain water. An osmoconformer, is when body fluids with a solute concentration is equal to that of seawater. Furthermore, this report aims to ide ntify the osmoregulator and the osmoconformer of the given species as well as to compare the specific gravity of each body fluid. Materials: As per the BI108 lab 6 handout. Method: As per the BI108 lab 6 handout. Results: Notes: The Malpighian tubules function as an excretory system and aid in osmoregulation. The tubules empty into the alimentary canal, and remove nitrogenous wastes from the insect’s body. These structures were named for an Italian anatomist named Marcello Malpighi, who discovered the tubules in the seventeenth century. In Earthworm (pheretima posthuma), the excretory system is performed by segmentally arranged, microscopic, coiled, glandular & vascular & complicated excretory tubes, called as Nephridia. The Nephridia are found in all segment of the body of earthworm except the first 2 or 3 segment. According to the position & structure of Nephridia in the body, 3 types of Nephridia are found: Septal Nephridia, Pharyngeal Nephridiam and Integumentary Nephridia. The contractile vacuole controls the amount of water in paramecium. Figure 2.0 Discussion: Figure 1.0 displays the graph of specific gravity against concentration for P. lurca and U. coarctata. From the Figure 1.0 it can be seen that P. lurca is an osmoconformer in that the body fluid is equal to the concentration of seawater. Moreover, this means that the body fluid (internal fluid) is the same concentration as that of its surroundings. On the other hand, U. coarctata is depicted in the graph as seen by the plot as an osmoregulator. So, the body fluid has a solute concentration that is different from its surroundings. These suggest and confirm that the hypothesis is correct and it is quite evident as obtained in the results and graph plotted. Similarly, the body fluids collected (extracellular fluids) are known to be denser than water itself. To add on, the dissections of the various arthropods which included the cockroach, sipunculid and also the annelid, the earthworm. Earthworms and sipunculids have structures called nephridia for excretion, whilst cockroaches have mal phigian tubules for excretion. Conclusion In conclusion, in determining which organism was the osmoregulator and  osmoconformer various other structures of numerous arthropods were also studied and analyzed. The hypotheses was indeed proven correct, as the P.lurca is the osmoconformer and U.coarctata is the osmoregulator. Osmoregulation is an important process in any animal as it assists in maintaining stable internal conditions in terms of water content and the concentration of ion soluble contents in any given body. Furthermore, as predicted by obtaining specific gravity would indeed determine the two types of osmoregulation, the organisms P.lurca and U.coarctata displayed different specific gravities that contributed in the decision. Hence, to reiterate, osmoregulation is a vital process that enables an animal’s survival as well as it contributing to the environment. Reference Martin, E. and Hine, R. (2008). Osmoregulation. Oxford Dictionary of Biology. (Web Link: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625) Bot, C. 2013 Sipuncula, Wikipedia encyclopedia, viewed on 24th September 2014, http://www.wikipedia.org Campbell, N and Reece, J and Mitchell, L and Taylor, M. 2003, Control of the Internal Environment, Biology- Concepts and Connections, Fourth Edition p.506, 507, Pearson Education Incorporation- Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco Hickman, C and Roberts, L and Larson, A I’Anson, H and Eisenhour, D, 2008, Integrated Principles of Zoology, Fifteenth Edition, McGraw Hill. Walker, R. L, 1993 ‘Using crustaceans to illustrate the principles of osmoregulation, Acid- base balance and respiratory physiology’ Tested Studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 7, p-149-178 Yintan 2013, Wikipedia encyclopedia, viewed on 20th September 2014, http://www.wikipedia.org Martin, E. and Hine, R, 2008, A Dicti onary of Biology, Sixth edition, Oxford University, Great Britain. 2013, ‘Biology Notes: ‘Osmoconformers and osmoregulators’ Hadley, D., Malpighian Tubules, About Education viewed on 26th September, 2014 on http://insects.about.com/od/m/g/def_malpighian.htm Science (about Earthworm), (Web link: http://sachit.nepalscout.tripod.com/id1.html) Eukaryotes: Protists and fungi, BSCS Biology, 9 ed. Chapter. 12, pg. 328, viewed on 25th September, 2014 on http://books.google.com.fj/books?id=xC-WGtA7eP8C&pg=PA326&lpg=PA326&dq=contractile+vacuole+in+paramecium+function&source=bl&ots=1mI4GsePJi&sig=Yo2c_8IYaJ4Y XhuZk7RxE2UYDDo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xhklVOXtCY6wogS-p4DYBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=contractile%20vacuole%20in%20paramecium%20function&f=false

Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants Essay

Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants - Essay Example The essay "Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants" analyzes how any restaurant can achieve the status of being superior by investing in its basic services like the ambiance/decoration, the waiting staff, healthy food and the use of advanced equipment and technology since quality can be defined as perceived degree of product’s excellence. . If a company is offering products and services of unique features that made it surpass similar products in greatness then it means they have superior goods as compared to their competitors. â€Å"Differences in talent, ability, worth, appearance, status, and power often exist, but the low defense communicator seems to attach little importance to these distinctions.† This concept of quality and superiority can easily be understood by the example of restaurants. Most of the theses restaurants are providing quality services but very few of them are capable of providing superior services. Any restaurant can achieve the status of bei ng superior by investing in its basic services. People who want to dine out definitely requires something especial to feel and eat. Efforts should be made to impress the customers by providing them relax and pleasant environment. Furnishing should be comfortable yet functional. Few things that make the first impression about the restaurant, waiters/waitresses are among them. Hiring trained staff proved to be the backbone of the restaurant business. Customers expect friendly, polite and professional treatment from the waiting staff.

Financial report analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial report analysis - Essay Example The company’s sales have increased by almost 78% from the year 2005 till the year 2009. The company’s sales figures have increased 15.5% on average over the years i.e. from 2005 to 2009 (9%(2006) + 14% (2007) + 18% (2008) + 21% (2009 ? 4). This shows an increasing trend in the sales figure over all the preceding years. The Earnings before Interest, Tax and Amortization (EBITA) have been showing encouraging signs for the shareholders of the company over the five year period. BAE group’s net profit had also been following an increasing trend but the result of 2009 has been of highest worry for its stakeholders, the company reported a loss of ?45 million as compared to a profit of ?1,768 million in the year 2008, this shows a hefty reduction of ?1,813 million which equates to a reduction of approximately 102% in the reported profits of 2009 when compared with that of 2008. This loss has been made as a result of some great changes in the company’s income gener ating assets. The major contribution towards this loss has been attributed to the reduction in foreign exchange gains. This has been because of the weakening of the Dollar currency. BAE systems had to face an incredible strike because of the weakened US Dollar and because of it the gains diminished in the year 2009 as compared to the previous years when those gains were really higher. The second most obvious reason for this loss was because of the reduction in the Interest Income for BAE systems, the interest income within the company has been an influential factor in reducing the effect of the high interest payments and other expenditures. To further understand the financial performance of the company, the ratio analysis technique is used. There are different types of ratios available to ascertain the different operating areas of a company. The Profitability Ratios ascertain the efficient performance of a company. According to the profitability ratios, the returns for the sharehold ers/investors of BAE systems have reduced heavily, the company’s ROCE has reduced from 11.5% in the year 2008 to 7.3% in the year 2009 and the return for the equity shareholders has also reduced drastically. Such a reduction in the Returns for the shareholders would discourage future potential investors to invest in the company but BAE systems have not practically reduced this return offered to its shareholders in fact the company increased its dividend by 10% to 16 pence per share in the year 2009 as compared to 14.5 pence per share in 2008. The Gross Profit and the Net profit margin also reduced in the year 2009 as compared to prior years, the only strengthening feature for the company is its trend to increase its dividend over the last four to five years (the company’s dividend per share had been 10.3 pence per share in 2005). Liquidity ratios are a measure of ascertaining the day to day running of a company; it is merely a measure of ascertaining a company’s ability to pay off its obligations as they fall due. These obligations are generally the current liabilities and these current liabilities can be met by having appropriate current assets. The current ratio is a measure that analyses a company’s ability to pay off its current liabiliti

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

History - Essay Example The workers are exploited on only on physical basis but also on mental level (Schweickart 9-11). This paper explores the attributes of colonization, and implications as it is practiced in modern times. The effectiveness of colonization, with respect to capitalism is the chiefly dealt with in this paper. Colonization and capitalism Under certain contexts, colonization and capitalism have become synonymous. A colonized world is always divided or compartmentalized in the sense that it is divided between the natives and the new comers. For instance the racial problem occurred during South Africa apartheid is an instance of this. During the first half of twentieth century, the whites practiced racial prejudice against the native blacks (Allen 95- 102). Division of class goes in line with the Aristotelian logic where there is no possibility of conciliation. The sector for colonists is strongly built with all pleasures and fineries. It is a protected space, clean and pleasant. The native qu arters are poles apart. None ever notices when a niggers takes birth or dies. Both the people and the place remain dingy and dirty. They lust for material possessions. As a matter of fact, wealth too was concentrated in the hands of the oppressor class. The reason why they accumulate wealth is that simply because they belong to the colonist’s sector. ... Similarly the sense of exploitation also passed from one generation to another and the horrors of submission and inhibition seem to be familiar. It makes maintenance of rules and regulations easier for the capitalist class. A characteristic feature noticed in colonized countries is that there always exist certain groups, sermonizers, and councilors who butt in between the capitalist class and the exploited. (Fanon 1-15) Decolonization is a situation where the aspects and practices of colonization are challenged. The colonized world possesses little values and ethics. The colonized state experience destruction and corruption. These in turn negate their values and make them exposed to instruments of blind forces. The colonizer, as Manichaean states often inflict violence. As was found out by Chungara, the labor class she described went through similar experiences. The capitalist class had exploited them to their very last means. The struggle which they had to do on a daily basis is has become a familiar thing. (Fanon 1-32) Struggle and protest is another characteristic feature of colonized states. There are several aspects that oppressed people learn from their maters or from the ruling class as a whole. The most important aspect is individualism. Contestation is an important aspect of colonization. Whenever there is any case of violence, the oppressor tries to exercise full control over the oppressed classes. This period is generally marked with violence and suppression. However the colonized people continue to rebel and these results in sporadic occurrence of violence. (Fanon 1-32). Global capitalism is one of the rising concerns in present times. Ibrahim’s book deals with Egypt. The adverse effects of capitalism on Arabic society,

Developing Professional Practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Developing Professional Practice - Coursework Example In particular, they are able to perform the assessment as to whether the professions as well as their organizations are able to engage in what they know and what they understand. As such, they are able to really make a significant difference hence drive the performance of the company (CIPD, 2014). It is mainly the two core professional areas that include the CIPD HR profession map and other behaviors that help to uphold the concept of â€Å"HR professionalism†. These are all covered in the CIPD map in the form of 10 professional areas that encompass 8 types of behavior that are set out within the 4 different bands that are related to competence. The map is thus able to copbver most of the areas in HR professionalism. Band 1 is located at the start of Hr and is extensive up to band 4 that is mainly comprised of senior leaders (Valerio, 2005). The CIPD professional map is highly designed to provide relevance and applicability to most HR professionals who are in operation anywhere around the world. This applies to all sectors as well as organizations of all shapes and sizes. This is because of the way with which it is designed to offer support to a variety of support to every HR professional at all the stages of their career. Through the focus on the core that helps professional to build up the various technical areas that are relevant to their professional areas, these professionals are able to develop a number of insights, strategies and come up with workable solutions. They are able to use the CIPD HR profession map to develop insights and solutions that can be put into action. These are given priorities and developed through a deep understanding of the business. It thus involves both the contextual understanding of the organization (CIPD, 2014). Great professionals in the HR field work better from a contextual and deep understanding of the business and the organization. It helps them to come up with insights and strategies that are actionable and provide them

Dinosaurs Extinction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dinosaurs Extinction - Essay Example Variations in the time range of activities often render the theory somewhat problematic. However, the theory provides some important insights that attend to issues relating to meteorite activity in relation to the extinction of the dinosaurs. The explanation weaves into other scientific explanations such as the Darwinian Theory of survival for the fittest in order to expand the understanding of the nature of impact as it affected the survival of various animal species following the massive disruption of the food chain (Michael 1). In this regard, the weight of this theory could be assessed from the perspective of some of the issues that attend to the relationship between organisms and nature. This study assigned significant focus on the theory of volcanism in order to provide alternative points of view to the causal relationship between the theory and the other attendant factors that affected species in various ways.The theory of volcanism is based on the relationship between climate change and the extinction of species. In general, terms the volcanic activities that happened within the Cretaceous period in regions of western India. According to those who hold onto the theory of volcanism, the heavy volcanic activities resulted in the emission of massive amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, processes such as photosynthesis were significantly affected (Michael 2). The result was a shortage of food that led to the extinction of vulnerable species such as dinosaurs.... In this regard, the weight of this theory could be assessed from the perspective of some of the issues that attend to the relationship between organisms and nature. This study assigned significant focus on the theory of volcanism in order to provide alternative points of view to the causal relationship between the theory and the other attendant factors that affected species in various ways. The theory of volcanism is based on the relationship between climate change and the extinction of species. In general, terms the volcanic activities that happened within the Cretaceous period in regions of western India. According to those who hold onto the theory of volcanism, the heavy volcanic activities resulted in the emission of massive amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, processes such as photosynthesis were significantly affected (Michael 2). The result was shortage of food that led to the extinction of vulnerable species such as dinosaurs. However, the stu dy points out one challenge that relates to the difficulty in pinpointing the exact point in time when these volcanic activities took place. The concerns raised in the study are consistent with other refutations that have established a problematic relationship between the action and consequence of the activity. Fastovan and Sheekan (4) study the extinction of the dinosaurs with special focus on North America. The two authors argued that the event took place in an instantaneous fashion. This study explores multiple other perspectives that attempt to situate the dinosaur extinction phenomenon within definite geographical and historical setting. Fastovan and Sheekan

Profile of a language group present in Los Angeles Essay

Profile of a language group present in Los Angeles - Essay Example The migration of this group can be categorized in three levels. The first group migrated from the war torn Vietnam in 1975. The group was made up of mainly high trained students, members of the civil servants undertaking white collar jobs and military executives. After 1980 there was established communist systems of government which show a second wave of Vietnamese migrate. These people used boats to cross over to the United States(Phinney& Jean, 135).From 1990 there was an operation program carried out by the United States Government duped ‘United States Humanitarian Program’. In this program, most of the Vietnamese migrated to the United States after making application for entry. This included former prisoners of war, members of Amerasian service men and members of Vietnamese Americans(Nguyen, Anne, Fay Shin &Krashen, 159). In the present time the Vietnamese Americans are distributed in the United States. This means that the majority of Federal States are inhabited by this group. According to the census carried out in the year 2000, Los Angeles County recorded approximately 78,000 Vietnamese Americans recording 7.06% of the whole population(Asian Population, 2013). There has been an outstanding performance in businesses in Los Angeles with a sizeable number of the enterprises owned by Vietnamese Americans. ... The images below show how Vietnamese language has been used to develop the hotel industry in Los Angeles county. The Vietnamese language has been embraced by the Los Angeles community members who have either developed an interest in the language and wish to use it as their main language. This move has mostly been undertaken by the nationals who wish to feature more in the hotel industries(Phinney& Jean, 135).Moreover, Asian children do continuously get enrolled in these institutions to indulge them in their culture. One of the schools offering this service is the Beverly Hills Lingual Institute offering important facilities. Moreover, the need to maintain the culture of the Vietnamese has necessitated California State University to launch a program to assist American born Vietnamese children be conversant with the language(Phinney& Jean, 135). This means that starting next year; the University will offer a bachelor’s degree in Vietnamese culture and language as well as offer t rains the tutor tutorials to equip the lecturers with the adequate knowledge to offer the training. More visits to the Los Angeles stores and supermarket will demonstrate how the Vietnamese language has been embraced to propel these chains of businesses(Nguyen, Anne, Fay Shin &Krashen, 159). The malls thathouse a collection of businesses contain Vietnamese language in their walls, booklets, signboards, catalogues and menus. The language has been used widely in churches in Los Angeles in spreading the gospel. The Vietnamese community at our lady of assumption our lady of Rosary is a catholic union that was established in 1979 to cater for the need of the Vietnamese Americans(Phinney& Jean, 135).William J Barry was the pastor who was ordained to

The Fall of the Roman Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Fall of the Roman Republic - Essay Example According to Polybius, a Greek aristocrat born in Achaea but banished to Rome, and source of the historical account in that city in the second century especially where the elites are concerned, the nobility of Rome put the greatest premium on courage. Although courage was as important is all other states as well, this was the most true in the Roman aristocracy value system. The emphasis on courage was illustrated most especially during the funeral rites of the deceased in which their acts of bravery would be eulogized. According to Polybius, a kin of the deceased would wear his mask, and some other men would wear masks of all the dead ancestors of the deceased. The relative wearing the mask of the deceased, dressed in robes preceded each by the symbol of the particular ancestor, would then deliver a speech glorifying his achievements, after which eulogies for each of the deceased ancestors would follow. These after-death honors given to deceased and his ancestors served to inspire th e young men in doing their best in their endeavors so as to earn the same honor in their deaths.

Central Teachings Essay Example for Free

Central Teachings Essay The central teachings of Islam are oneness of God and of humanity; prophethood and the compass of Islam; human relationship to the divine; belief in the unseen life; and belief in the Last Judgment (Fisher, 2005). Oneness of God and of humanity Islam teaches that there is only one God. This is why the first words spoken to a Muslim infant are the words of the Shahadah – â€Å"la ilaha ill-Allah Muhammad-un Rasulu-llah† (â€Å"There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God†). According to Muslims, God may be called by many names, but all the attributes assigned to those different names only make up the totality of the One God who created the universe. They contend that there must be absolute unity among all men of all races because they were all created by only one God and should therefore be brothers under the same God. Stretching this argument further, Islam maintains that no one race should be considered the chosen race, nor be considered superior than other races. Islam teaches that the individual should be one with God, therefore his or her thoughts and deeds should always be inspired by God. This oneness of God and of humanity was very emphatically expressed by Abu Hashim Madami, an Indian Sufi sage, when he said that â€Å"There is only one thing to be gained in life, and that is to remember God with each breath; and there is only one loss in life, and that is the breath drawn without the remembrance of God† (Fisher. 2005). Prophethood and the compass of Islam All the prophets from Abraham to Jesus Christ are honored, but they maintain that Muhammad was the last prophet sent by God with the final message. This means, therefore, that the Qur’an sums up all the messages from God so Islam should include all religions, including Christianity and Judaism which also trace their roots to Abraham (Fisher, 2005). Muslims believe that although God sent many messengers namely: â€Å"Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus and Muhammad,† the message He revealed to Muhammad was the final message intended for all of mankind (Robinson, 2007). Human relationship to the divine They believe that God created the universe for a specific purpose or purposes. To achieve His purpose/s, He set down particular laws to govern the actions of everybody. For this reason, Islam maintains that man could live in peace and prosperity only if he recognizes the laws which were set by God and faithfully abide by them. The set of laws of Islam is called the Sharia Law which has been derived from the Qur’an and the Sunna, which has been considered as the Islamic â€Å"custom or practice; particularly that associated with the exemplary life of the Prophet Muhammad, comprising his deeds and utterances as recorded in the hadith† (Robinson, 2007). Belief in the unseen life They accept the existence of the unseen life such as angels. Specifically, they believe in Gabriel, whom they have credited with bringing down the messages of God to humanity. Muhammad, for one, related that the revelations were sometimes brought to him by an angel in human form who would recite the Qur’anic passages to him. They likewise believe that Satan exists just as they believe that there are saints. Belief in the Last Judgment For them, the Last Judgment means that dead Muslims are allowed some rest before being raised from the grave for the final reckoning, after which the sinners and the unbelievers are sent to hell (Fisher. 2005). Those who lived their lives on earth believing in Allah and his prophets and messengers would enter paradise while â€Å"Agnostics, Atheists, Polytheists, and followers of non-Abrahamic religions† would be rejected. Entry into Paradise, according to Muslims, would likewise be denied to all those whose lives were dominated by â€Å"evil deeds† (Robinson, 2007).

Professional Educator Professionalism Essay Example for Free

Professional Educator Professionalism Essay Professional development is an important aspect of an educator’s life. Without continuous development, there will be no true development. To enhance professionalism, I will look for trainings and seminars enhancing my skills and participate in these activities. I can benefit from such seminars and trainings in two ways. One is by learning more about educator professionalism. Secondly, I can network with other people and learn from their experiences as educators. Another action item that I can include would be to consult books, websites and blogs on educator professionalism. By reading the experiences of other educators, I can also take a look at my own experiences and apply the lessons I learn. A realistic time line for monitoring my progress is one year. During this time, I will keep a personal journal detailing the lessons I learned and the progress I am making in connection with developing professionalism. Through this, I can have an empirical tool for assessing my professional growth. This journal can in fact be online through a blog. This way, I can effectively use technology in enhancing my productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness in being an educator. Reflection and Professional Improvement As part of the journaling and blogging process, I can use reflection. I can look at my daily, weekly and monthly experiences and reflect on my progress. Reflection is a very powerful tool because it allows me to look back and take a look at my own professional practice, my own beliefs, my experiences and think about how these things affect my thinking, my belief system and the way that I do my work. With the aid of my journal, I can write down my thoughts. This way, I can benefit more greatly from my reflections and make necessary adjustments if needed. Reflections, after all, are worth nothing if I do not make the necessary actions to make improvements. With reflection, I can also be satisfied with the result of my efforts. I can be further encouraged with the results of my efforts. The Importance of a Professional Growth Plan An old adage says that those â€Å"who fail to plan are planning to fail. † Planning for professional growth is very important because it allows people to define their vision. Once they know their vision, they can put their heart and their efforts to it. It is similar to having a clear direction in mind. From such a direction, the map can be derived and will help a person navigate through the difficult road of professional growth. A professional growth plan also prescribes the course of action that a person has to take to make the most of his profession. It enables a person to set goals and the corresponding action he has to do to achieve such goals. It also breaks down the vision into achievable goals and prevents him from being overwhelmed and being overtaken by fear or hesitation. At first glance, a vision may seem impossible to achieve. But with goals and objectives, a professional can take one step at a time towards the eventual destination. On the contrary, without a professional growth plan, a person may simply do one thing after another and will end up just doing what he has done in the past over and over again. Over time, he becomes stagnant and eventually his skills will deteriorate. To avoid this scenario from happening, a professional growth plan is very much needed.

Contribute To The Development Of Sociology Philosophy Essay

Contribute To The Development Of Sociology Philosophy Essay There are so many events that already happened in past time in human life that gave a lot of contributions in development of sociology. According to thefreediciotnary.com, sociology means is the study of human social behavior, especially the study of the origins, organization, institutions, and development of human society. It also the analysis of a social institution or societal segment as a self-contained entity or in relation to society as a whole. Example of events that gave contribution in development of sociology, the invention of antibiotic in medicine field, invention of computer, invention of lamp, and some related. (Sociology, 2013) Invention of antibiotic are given great contribution in medicine field. Antibiotic is any of a variety of substances, usually obtained from microorganisms that inhibit the growth of or destroy certain other microorganisms. Name of antibiotic come from the word of antibiosis a term coined in years 1889 by Louis Pasteurs pupil Paul Vuillemin. It means life used to destroy another life. (Pearson Education, 2013) How it has help development in the human life? It has help who are get injured and infection of bacterial in the body of human. It is because of it function of broad antibacterial spectrum. It can killed majority of bacteria that has been founded by scientist. Another benefit of antibiotic will be have convenient dosing regimens. It means will not conflicts with other medicine that doctors will give together to patients for treat the patients sickness which caused by bacteria. It has make doctors more easy to open any medicine that can treat the sickness of the patients easily and accurate without hazardless. Besides that, antibiotic has low incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. It has help patients to reduce pains of gastrointestinal side effects whose are must have it. It also help lot of injured people that will not suffer from infection of bacteria. In current, many doctors are rely on antibiotic to treat any bacterial infection case on their patients. (Benefit of antibioti c, 2011) Invention of computer also bring a great contribution to development of sociology in this world. In year of 1983, the first programmable computer was invented by Konrad Zuse. The Z3. Few years later, microcomputers was invented which are more smaller in size and with 256 byte memory on it. Until today, computer has be revolution in so many times and size it become even more smaller than past time. It has consisted some many function and bigger memory which can storages many data and can be perform many functions compare to past time which only limited function that can be operated by the microcomputer. In today, most of us are rely on computer to do things. Such as remote control. It is part of the computer function. We just press whatever function that we desired on the remote control without go to the panel of the machines to press the function that we desired for. It has make human life more easier. Computer also help the human calculate the complex formulation of scientific calcu lation in short period of times. In past time, human used to be calculate using their psychical mind. It using quick long time to finish a complex calculation, not only that it might contain some error mistakes which can led the result become different compare with initially answer. With Invention of the computer, it might reduce the mistakes to the lowest level and it produce the accurate answers within the short period. Hence, human got a lot of benefits from invention of computers, it has change the human behavior that traditionally rely on their psychical ability to perform something compare now they are mostly rely on computer to perform anything that them desired. (Computer History, 2013) Invention of automobile are change lot of human in the life. As we know the first car that has been invented is using steam technology to put the car to move. Second improvement was using electrical method. Later, it change to use gasoline method to led the vehicle for moving around. (Automobile History, 2013) Even in current world, we still use gasoline method in the most of the vehicles in the world. How car has change the society? Firstly it has help people able to travel from one distance to another distance in short of period time. It compare to past time, the vehicles was using horse or cow to move around from one place to another place. It will cost more time to travel on the past time. Now, gasoline vehicles are more convenience and faster. It also become a bad behavior that human going to nearest market to purchase something, they more prefer to drive but nor walk by, although the distance are very short. Besides that, car has change human life become more easier by when you walk in a cold and freeze weather condition, car has heater to keep human body warm. In another word, in cold or freeze weather human still able to travel from one place to destination that them desired. Another benefits is the automobile has function to carry the goods, such as lorry. Last time, we use horse to transport the sand from one place to one place. But, now we use lorry to carry it. It became more faster. More weigh sand than lorry can travel compare to the horse. Horse need time and more foods to spend on. It also long period of time need to be use for horse transport the sand from one place to another place. If without automobile, your family will preferable not travel together will you. Basically, human are lazy to walked. Now, if you have car, and you want to travel somewhere, your family members will prefer to follow you if you invited them. In today, all human are prefer go anywhere by vehicles. It has be part of human behavior that go anywhere must drive together with vehicles. (How has cars change or improve peoples lives?, 2013) Invention of pen drive also has contribute to the development of human (sociology). The first pen drive has been invented by Pua Khein Seng, a Malaysian in nearly year 2000. (INDRAMALAR, 2009) Last time human used to be stored data in paper form. This method are not too environmental friendly. It is because human need to chop off so many trees just to produce one pieces of paper. If termites come and eat the paper which are store the important information, there gone of the important information. Another reason is data stored in paper form will occupied a bigger place to store it. Just imagine that a company store the accounting data into paper form, how big the place they need to be, if the data needed to store at least seven years and above for audition purpose. Few years later, the invented of floppy disc have improved those problems. But, it still has limitation. Floppy disc are big in size, not handy that can be bring to anywhere and the size of storage are lesser. Some more, da ta stored in floppy disc are not reliable. It only allow stored in certain limit time only. With invented of pen drive, the all problems that has mentioned in above has been fixed. How? Pen drive size are small and portable, hence it was easy to been carry to anyway that the user want to. Secondly, usage of pen drive are given human more convenience instead of storage data. A small handy pen drive can store many data as many compare to Floppy disc and also traditional way data printed in paper and filling according rack. Thirdly, it compared with floppy disc, data storage in pen drive will not easily missing compare to floppy disc which would have. It has make human can recheck the data record back into many years in easily in anywhere because the data can store in many years period. Compatibility of pen drive to any pc is the key that change human more prefer to pen drive usage than other method of store their data. Invention of light bulb by Thomas Edison, it has gave great contribution to the human society. In year 1879, he was using lower current electricity, a small carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside the globe to invent the light bulb. With those materials, he was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting source of light. Of course, he not try once then able to invent the light bulb. He has try so many time of experiments that he able success to invent the light bulb which we need in today life. (The Inventions of Thomas Edison, 2013) In this aspect, we can see the never give up attitude by Thomas Edison had become a lesson to the scientists that invent more things in our current daily life. The attitude had been influenced our that encourage us never been given up even you has failed so many times for perform something. In another aspect, the light bulb that been invented has become our need in our life. Almost all of us will feel suffer if there is not any light bulb work in our life, especially in night. Last time, we use candle light to light up for our daily usage especially in night. It was quite dangerous if we did not take any safety precaution. It will cause fire and burn out the whole houses. With light bulb, human are more easier that not need to take care so much it, just switch on and off whenever we want or do not want it. Without the light bulb, we cannot drive and even walk on the road. It is because all the street light are made from light bulk. Even the traffic light, we use light bulb to light up red, yellow and green light to indicate the car when to move and when to stop. In the future event, I believe that teleport will gave to great contribution to development of sociology. It will be great if human have it as a technology to transfer the humans from one point of the world into another point of the world. Example, human can use teleport as transportation purpose, from United States to Russia. Of course, there will be security issue on it. Well, I believe security issue can be settled by built customs within the teleports to control the flow of transportation. National Defense might can use teleport to transfer their soldiers to the place they need to go with. Such as, there is any terrorism attack in south of United States. Teleport can help to transfer the backup soldiers immediately to south of United States to defense and protect the terrorism expanding and controlling the situation which their objective are ultimate evil. Teleport also can transfer some important goods for the nation or the country itself. With invention of teleport, human life will change, they not more rely on helicopter to transport the things. They not more rely on airplane to travel from one place to another place. They not more rely on ship to ship something was important for them in cheaper cost. Another future event will bring great contribution to human society development is the space city. As we know, the land on earth are limited. If space city are able to be created, there will be paradise for human to be live there. The reason that paradise means human can be live there without any limitation of the lands. In earth, you have more money do not mean you can own the land, especially in Singapore which has limited resources in land. Secondly, human can learn how to live in space compare to the earth. There are several advantages for human to live in space compared to live in earth. Besides that, human live in space city that can explore more about the secret of the universal. They can go to another planet do some researches which maybe can discover the unlimited resources that can sustain our life. In earth, we have everything is sacred resources, such petroleum, coal, diamond and others related. Maybe in this exploration, we also can discover something is new and important which can gave lot of benefit in our life. Such as, we might discover some new form of energy that can be our electricity supply for unlimited usage and also not pollute the environment too. In space city, human has to live tend to be different compare in earth due to certain psychic reasons. It will change the human behavior, how their behave in normal daily life in space city. Food to be taken in space city will be different also, they might only need to eat a bean in a day which can gave enough energy and nutrition to they in daily life. In conclusion, we can see there are so many events that actually influence human or sociology. It also bring great contribution to sociology, just like today we have light bulb to light up our life in night. Of course, we do not denied there are bad side of the events too.

Analysis of The lake of Innisfree Essay -- English Literature

Analysis of The lake of Innisfree This poem is about an island called Innisfree. It is a beautiful open area surrounded by wildlife. Keats is from Sligo himself and Sligo is very near to the island called Innisfree. The island is very small and is situated in a bay. When Keats writes this poem he is in London at the time, and the poem is circulated around his memories of his island and contrasting it with the dullness of London. An example of this is ‘pavements grey’ which describes the dullness and how London is colourless. This is the contrast as the island is colourful and instead of pavements there would be grass. He then uses the phrase ‘I will arise and go now’ this is emphatic which means he wants to do it immediately. This emphasises his discontent of being in London. He then thinks into the future about how he’s going to build his house there and contrasts it to the London, concrete houses. He says he’ll make it out of clay and wattle, both natural materials. He has a similar fantasy to Robinson Crusoe’s adventure. The idea that he’ll be self-sufficient, growing what he eats and living off nature. He specifies exactly what he’s going to have on the island with the phrase ‘nine been rows will I have there’ gives the idea its something he’s always wanted. Its also a definite number, he doesn’t want 6 or 2 he wants 9. This shows that he’s planned it out carefully and again gives the idea that he feels strongly about this fantasy. ‘And live alone in the bee-loud glade’ - this gives the idea of solitude, living alone but yet not that alone as he has got the bees buzzing. This gives a soft sound as if he wants company and is comparable to an old man with a radio. It also means that unlike L... ...e stands in grim London. The water lapping is another calm sound which suggests tranquillity. It’s as if he’s being tempted by the sounds of nature. Line 11- the grey, dull pavements contrast with the ‘purple noon’ in verse 2. ‘I hear it in my deep hearts core’. the core of an apple is the centre, the soul in a human or the heart. This means that he’s experiencing a desire that fills his whole body and that he really wants to go. The phrase ‘I will arise and go now’ is a quotation from the bible and the story of the prodigal son. The phrase itself comes from the exact part where he’s had enough of cleaning and eating with the pigs and is ‘I will arise and go to my father’ (Luke 15 v18). It means you should do what you really want to do . In the story, the son goes back to his father and in the verse Keat’s wants to return to his homeland (Innisfree).

Carters loss of popularity Essay -- American History, Politics

The 1970's was a difficult time period in American history filled with chaos, domestic and international crises, and very poor presidential leadership. Richard Nixon was president during the early years of the seventies and he was far from popular in the eyes of the American people. With inflation rapidly rising, Nixon soon became unfavorable, and with the controversy surrounding his actions concerning the Watergate Crisis, he was impeached and forced to resign. His Vice President, Gerald R. Ford, soon took his place in the White House. However, Ford was unable to handle the crippling events taking place in the United States; his approval dropped drastically within months, and like Nixon he lost support of the American people. When the 1976 presidential election came around, the American people needed a new hero whom they could trust and who could pull the nation out of its current state of misery. To fill this position, American chose to elect James Earl Carter, Jr., Governor from G eorgia. Jimmy Carter began his presidency in the bright glow of public support built on his promise of bringing honesty and morality back to politics; but unable to successfully deal with conflicts beyond his control concerning domestic and foreign affairs, his term as President ended behind a dark cloud of public disapproval. Jimmy Carter entered the White House in 1977 with the bright glow of public support from the American people, stemming from his outspoken and admiring charisma. He was seen as the hero who could bring the nation out of disparity and restore it back to its golden years. He guaranteed that his government "would be filled with love as are the American People" (qtd. in Slavin 58). Carter characterized himself as honest and aggressi... ... in their once loved hero. They no longer saw him as the man who could cure the country's problems and restore the nation back to its golden years. In the 1980 presidential election, Carter faced even more trouble when the Democratic party became divided. Senator Ted Kennedy, member of the Democratic liberal wing, stole much of the democratic support away from Carter; although Jimmy won the Democratic primary, he had lost much needed democratic support and faced a major disadvantage heading into the election ("Election of 1980" 1). Not surprisingly, the dissatisfied voters did not reelect him for a second term, and many openly expressed their dissatisfaction with his handling of domestic and foreign affairs ("Outline of American History" 3). Ronald Reagan won the election, and Carter was forced to head back to Georgia behind a dark cloud of public disapproval.

How to Build a Computer :: Essays Papers

How to Build a Computer In order to build a computer you need to have a computer case where all the components of the computer will be stored. There are tow types of computer cases. The first type is called AT case which is used for the older computers, and the second one is called ATX case which is used for resent computers. Cases also come in different sizes, colors and styles. The next part you need is a Motherboard: All of the components of the computer plug into the Motherboard. Every Motherboard comes with Bus Speed, the higher the Bus Speed the faster the computer will run. There are two types of Motherboards one is made for Intel CPU and the other one is for Athlon CPU. After you got the Motherboard you need a Central Processing Unit (CPU). CPU is the brain of the computer. With out a CPU you have no computer even if you have the rest of the parts. All computer transactions go through the CPU. After a few minutes of working the CPU gets very hot. To cool it off it requires a fan to be attached to it at all times. Without a fan the CPU will burn in just a matter of minutes, or even seconds. The next part you need is called Random Access Memory which is also know as RAM. Ram comes in different megabytes (mg). It starts from 16 mg and all the way to 528 mg on one stick. Ram allows the computer to run all of its applications. The more ram you have in the computer the faster applications will run. After you got the Ram you need a Hard Drive. Hard Drive allows you to store different kinds of programs, such as games, music, typing software, etc. There is a limit to how much programs you can put on the Hard Drive, it all depends on the size of the Hard Drive. Today the maximum size of a Hard Drive is about 80 Gig. CD-ROM is also a very important part in the computer. It allows to-install different kinds of programs, listen to music CD’s, watch movies, and copy information from PC to CD. Today the speed of the CD-ROM is 56x. Modems and Network Cards play a very important role in a computer. A modem allows you to connect to the Internet, download music, and browse the Internet.

Bismarck: Master Planner or Opportunist?

Unification of Germany Example Essays. Bismarck Master Planner or Opportunist? | | | | |Bismarck later declared that he had carefully planned unification of Germany in 5 clear | | |steps from 1862. He said that he had planned: 1. To Obtain Russian Neutrality; 2.To trick | | |Austria into declaring War; 3. To ensure French Neutrality; 4. To Treat Austria Leniently | | |after Defeat; 5. To Trick France into Declaring War. | |INTRODUCTION: |Other Historians have recently claimed that rather than plan unification, Bismarck was a | | |skilful diplomat who used events as opportunities to promote Prussian interests. | |Regardless of whether Bismarck planned unification or used events as opportunities he | | |definitely had a favourable ‘hand of cards’ which he inherited when he became | | |Minister-President in 1862 which allowed him to unify Germany by 1871. | | | | | |1. To obtain Russian Neutrality. | | | | |Evidence for Plan: | | |He obtained Russian neutrality for the l ater War with Austria through the Alvensleben | | |Convention of 1863. This meant Russian Poles who escaped over the border into Prussian | | |Poland would be returned to the Tsar. | | | | |Evidence against Plan: | | |It is unlikely that Bismarck knew the Poles would revolt in advance and it seems more likely| |STAGE 1 MASTER PLAN |that he helped the Tsar to prevent the Prussian Poles rebelling too. | | |The International condemnation at Alvensleben led Bismarck to play down the event’s | | |significance which outraged the Tsar. | |It almost led to him being sacked by William I. | | | | | |Analysis: | | |Despite gaining Russian neutrality in the following War against Austria Bismarck achieved it| | |through luck rather than planning.The Tsar was angrier at Austria not supporting Russia in | | |the Crimean War than at Bismarck’s public back down over Alvensleben. He did achieve | | |neutrality but it seems unlikely that he would have planned such a dangerous route. | | | | | | | | |To trick Austria into declaring War. | | | | |Evidence for the Plan: | | |He created a situation where Austria and Prussia were becoming more hostile to one another. | | |This was created through War with Denmark 1864 when Bismarck persuaded Austria to join them | | |in War.Once victorious The Gastein Convention gave Prussia administrative control of | | |Schleswig and Austria control of Holstein. | | |Prussia’s and Austria’s relationship now deteriorates rapidly and when Prussia proposes | | |plans to change the Constitution in Schleswig Austria appeals to the Diet which is forbidden| | |in the Convention and Austria mobilises troops in case of War. | |Prussia now accuses Austria of being the aggressor and starting War invades Holstein. | | | | | |Evidence Against Plan: | | |It is unlikely Bismarck could have foreseen the inheritance crisis in Schleswig and | |STAGE 2 MASTER PLAN |Holstein. | |Also there is strong evidence to suggest that Bismarck wa s only attempting to annex | | |Schleswig and Holstein and not force a War with Austria. | | |There are letters to his wife that explain he is open to a ‘diplomatic solution’ to the | | |crisis and was willing to prevent War with Austria through diplomacy. | | | | |Analysis: | | |Whilst not as clear as Stage 1, it still seems likely Bismarck was acting as a Prussian | | |expansionist rather than planning war with Austria as he was still trying to resolve tension| | |through diplomacy until Austria mobilised her troops in 1866. | | | | | | | |To gain France’s neutrality. | | | | |Evidence for Plan: | | |Bismarck meets Napoleon III in Biarritz in October 1865 to appeal for neutrality in War with| | |Austria. Napoleon verbally agrees and would persuade Italy to join the War with Prussia. | | |Once Austria was defeated Napoleon would gain Venetia which would be passed to Italy. |STAGE 3 MASTER PLAN | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Evidence against Plan: | | |B ismarck could never be totally sure of Napoleon’s neutrality. Despite gaining a verbal | | |agreement details are very sketchy as to definite areas of agreement. Also Napoleon later | | |double-crossed Bismarck and made a secret agreement with the Austrians that for French | | |neutrality, if Austria won, Napoleon would be given some Prussian land as a reward. | | | | |Analysis: | | |Yes the Biarritz meeting was planned and yes the French remained neutral, but it seems | | |through more luck than detailed planning as Napoleon made agreements with both sides and | | |Bismarck could not guarantee French neutrality. | | | | | |Treat Austria Leniently after Defeat. | | | | | |Evidence for Plan: | |The Treaty of Prague 1866 was lenient on Austria and this was down to Bismarck. Both William| | |I and Von Moltke wanted to advance on to Vienna and press home defeat to humiliate Austria. | | |It took all of Bismarck’s persuasive abilities to prevent this from happening. | | |Austria had to agree to return to her Empire and leave German interests alone, disband the | | |Old Confederation and allow the formation of The North German Confederation under Prussian | |STAGE 4 MASTER PLAN |control. Secret military agreements were then made with the southern states. | | | | |Evidence against Plan: | | |Instead of deliberately planning to treat Austria leniently, it is more likely that Bismarck| | |wanted to consolidate gains and to prevent France or other European Powers from joining the | | |War in support of Austria which could have jeopardised gains made. | | | | | |Analysis: | | |Although Bismarck’s diplomatic skill in persuading William and von Moltke to go no further | | |after the Battle of Koningratz (Sadowa,) it seems more likely that he did it to prevent | | |French hostilities and to keep the gains made by Prussia during the War. | | | | | | | | | | |To trick France into declaring War. | | | | | |Evidence for Plan: | | |Bismarck goes agai nst the French claim of Luxembourg by proposing a German prince instead, | | |which certainly angered Napoleon. | | |In 1868 when the revolutions in Spain forces out the Queen they offer the throne to Leopold | | |of Hohenzollern (related to Prussian Royal family) in 1870.Bismarck could accept to gain | | |Spain as an ally but it would worry France (who would be encircled). | | |Finally 12th July 1870 it was decided to withdraw Leopold as a candidate. On the 13th July | | |French foreign Ambassador Benedetti meets William I at German town of Ems and William | | |accepted withdrawal of Leopold but refused to promise what the French were demanding; the | | |withdrawal of all future accession rights. William sent the telegram to Bismarck recalling | | |the events. |STAGE 5 MASTER PLAN |Bismarck’s genius comes into his own and releases his own version of the telegram to the | | |press which is so inflammatory that French declares War on Prussia on the 19th July 1870. | | | | | | Evidence Against the Plan: | | |Bismarck initially supported the French claim to Luxembourg but later changes his mind. | | |He also allows the withdrawal of Leopold as a candidate which doesn’t suggest he was trying | | |to provoke the French. | |Although the Ems telegram was deliberately doctored by him to cause the French to declare | | |War on Prussia it is more likely that he made the decision after he received the telegram | | |rather than planning the events in advance. | | |How could he have anticipated such aggressive French foreign policy in the demands Benedetti| | |made on William. | | |Analysis: | | |Although there is more evidence here to suggest Bismarck planned to get the French to | | |declare war; it is unlikely that he planned it prior to 1862 as he suggests.There is more | | |evidence to suggest he decided to provoke France after receiving the Telegram, so therefore | | |taking events as opportunities when they arose. | | | | | | | | | | | |Bismarck wa s a skilful politician who was most probably a Prussian Supremacist who wanted | | |Prussian expansion at the expense of the Austrians.It is most unlikely that he planned | | |unification from the start in 1862 and more likely that he used opportunities when they | | |presented themselves to benefit Prussia, initially and later, for Germany. | | |It is more likely that he first wanted to expand Prussian territory into Schleswig and | | |Holstein, but thwarted by the Austrians was forced into war with them in 1866. | | |Similarly in order to consolidate the North German Confederation under Prussian control, the| | |Treaty of Prague was lenient so not to provoke the French. |CONCLUSION |Finally once the military agreements were in place with the southern states, Bismarck used | | |the opportunities presented as a result of the Luxembourg Situation and the Hohenzollern | | |Candidature Crisis to re-write the Ems Telegram. This again was where he saw the opportunity| | |of expansion to include all German states under Prussian leadership. | | |The only people who believe the Master plan were Bismarck himself and early German | | |historians who were still in awe of the great statesman that had unified Germany. Most other| | |historians realise that he was more likely an incredibly skilful opportunist and able | | |politician. |

Final Thesis

The key in identifying the marketing strength of Safeguard is its history. Being the first in the market as a germicidal soap is the foundation of its success. Procter and Gamble (P&G) has been consistent on its marketing strategy by rumoring the brand through advertising, sales promotion and public relations as family soap and life saving hygiene habit among is consumers. Safeguard has been dominating the market for over 40 years. The Core Of its market as the soap of the Entire family gives the broader range of target market.Clinical tests show that Safeguard reduces bacterial skin count by 99. 3%. In 1 966 Safeguard goes international, and launches in the Philippines. Today they're in 15 international markets and counting! The first of many scientific studies proving the efficacy of Safeguard is published in 1967. In this groundbreaking study, research showed that Safeguard reduces skin infections by 44. For the rest of the decade, Safeguard continues to Outperform leading soaps i n the market with its unique combination of effective germ protection and mildness.In the sass's, Safeguard transforms into the perfect bar soap to protect the whole family. â€Å"Richer, Livelier Lather Safeguard -? The Perfect Family Soap† with coconut oil. In 1 989 Safeguard partnered with Philippine Association of Medical Technologists (PAMELA) for the first â€Å"Hangdog Eng Safeguard: Methods Eng Kinshasa† Scholarship Program. For more than 20 years, Safeguard and PAMELA have worked together to promote health and hygiene education mongo Filipino families. Together, they have taught countless Filipinos the importance of hand washing to protect families from germs and diseases.In the sass's Safeguard reaches more families than ever around the world as the brand is launched in international markets including China and Pakistan In 1 992 Safeguard introduces its first Liquid Antibacterial Soap. In 1966 Safeguard goes international, and launches in the Philippines. Tod ay they're in 15 international markets and counting! By the sass's Safeguard becomes the largest anti-bacterial soap in the world with a steady stream of innovations including Body Wash (2004), Liquid Hand Soap (2010) and Hand Sanitized (201 1) Safeguard has been No. Soap brand in the Philippines for decades. Its brand promise of superior skin germ protection has kept families healthy and germ free for generations. But in 201 3, that position was under threat because of changing consumer attitudes. The Filipinos' triggers for soap were changing especially those teenagers who are prone to acne. They were no longer satisfied by simply protection. They are looking for a soap that will make them beautiful as celebrities. So Safeguard created a new product which is Safeguard Dermal soap that helps teenagers gets rid Of it.But aside from increase of hormones, dirt and pollution are also cause of acne. So Safeguard created a brand-breaking news service focused on hygiene risk. Family on Gu ard partnered with media network, ABS-CB used real news to help both parents in protecting their family. This made them realize that using safeguard as skin germ protection is important. And Sales grew by nearly $mm during the campaign, helping to sell an extra 14 million bars of Safeguard in just six months. II STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Nowadays there are so many diseases that spreading in this world.For us, health is one of the most important things. So we need to protect our health and keep ourselves from viral diseases. However there are currently so many germicidal soaps. It is difficult to determine what is true from what is fake. To know how media marketing affects the buying behavior Of the consumers, We need to consider these problems. 1 What kind of soap the respondents are using mostly? 2 Where do buyers usually purchase Safeguard soap? 3 What do buyers think on the pricing of Safeguard soap? 4 What type of media marketing of Safeguard soap is the most effective to the buy ers?Ill OBJECTIVES A GENERAL OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to identify the strength of Safeguard germicidal soap. And on how its media marketing influence the buying behavior of selected GET, CEDE, and CASE freshmen students of New Era university. B SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Know the opinions of consumers for the Safeguard soap according to its usage. Know where buyers usually purchase Safeguard soap. Know the opinions of consumers on the pricing of Safeguard soap. Know the most effective media marketing of Safeguard soap to the buyers.IV HYPOTHESIS There is no significant relation between the consumers and the media racketing of Safeguard germicidal soap in the buying behavior. V CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Conceptual framework is a type of intermediate theory that has the potential to connect all the aspects of inquiry to our research. Conceptual frameworks give coherence to our empirical inquiry. Because conceptual frameworks are potentially so close to empirical inquiry, they t ake different forms depending upon our research in our questions or problem.A research paradigm of the influence of safeguard soap media marketing in the buying behavior of selected freshmen students GET, CASE, CEDE in new era university was nationalized by the researcher to know the possible help will be provide by the researcher in the buying behavior of the selected freshmen in new era university. Through this we came up to potential output: Due to health benefits of safeguard soap, costumers do purchase the product, Prizing of Safeguard soap is affordable for every consumer, Consumers can buy safeguard soap twice a month as they needed.Through this study, we will be able to understand how Safeguard soap media marketing can influence teenagers when it comes to hygiene and how advertisements affect the youths purchasing decision. For the Company of Safeguard Soap: Know how their advertisements affect their customers' purchasing behavior. Know the possible action they can use again st their competitors. Know what strategies they can use to attract loyal customers. Be an instrument of innovation for their new product. Make higher sales for their company.For the Customers: Customers will enjoy more the benefits Of safeguard soap if the company innovates or creates a new product. Customers will be informed on how Safeguard soap different from other soap. And make many purchase decisions easier. The customers will determine how advertisements really effect ones behavior. For the School Administration: Partial fulfillment of the requirements in the marketing research subject Can be use as a guide for undergraduate students in their marketing research subject. Can be use for the library as a reference.Help the marketing department of the school about promotional strategies. Make students more knowledgeable about the P Corporation. For the Future Researchers: use this as a reference in conducting other research studies. Help future researchers to come up with better recommendations. Use this as a source of information about how media marketing influence Ones buying behavior. This study focuses on the consumers' exposure to Safeguard Germicidal soap advertisements, and how its media marketing influence the freshmen GET, CEDE, and CASE student of New Era University.This research was conducted during the month of July to October 2014 at New Era University. The targeted group of respondents for this research are female and male freshmen students whose weekly allowances may range below 500 to 1000 and above. The researchers choose the female and male freshmen students as the respondent. Since the respondents are freshmen and young, there's an instant that they become unconscious to their hygiene. The researcher interests how these respondents become conscious and affect their buying behaviors.The researchers consider this amount due to the level of lives of the respondents. This research considered the freshmen students of College of Engineering Tec hnology and College of Education, due to their very concentrated studies. These kind of students sometimes forgot to take care of their self, especially to their hygiene, that fact caught the attention of the researchers. This research considered also the students of College of Arts And Sciences. The researcher knows that the student in this college is practiced to care their hygiene, which also caught the attention of the researcher.