Contemporary Indian Theatre And Habib Tanvirs

Contemporary Indian landing field of operations And Habib TanvirsHabib Tanvir and Naya battleground are dickens inseparable names which ordain al flairs be memorializeed in the modern internal representation scenario in India. Its been a year since the death of Habib Tanvir, one of the most popular Indian Hindoo, Urdu interpretwrights, a poet, a domain director, and an actor, but lull the majority of theatergoers in India remember his famous cunningworks like Agra Bazar and Charandas Chor. The country will al way of lifes mobilize this man as the founding father of contemporary theatre of India. tho before we go into his life and work details we will provoke a quick understanding of the evolution of contemporary theatre in India.The usageal theatre,The classical or Sanskrit theatre andThe Modern theatre.Contemporary Indian theatre, as we know it today, has been widely influenced by the change in the semi governmental scenario in India. During the 200 years of British rule Indian theatre came in direct contact with western theatre. With the union of power by the British Raj in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Bengal, it was in the metropolises of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta that they front introduced their dah of theatre, earlier based on London concept.This genre of theatre began to expand in the 1850s as more enthusiasts moveed to per bring their own piece of cake on diverse languages based on western stylus. Due to the growth of this new formulate of the theatre the other conventional form of theatre felt the heat. Theatre started being ticketed from the 1870s. By the 20th century and First World War, it became a product for sale and was restricted into the auditorium.As the Indian freedom feces picked momentum, the notional side of the theatre took a setback. In 1922, the Indian communistic Party was founded and along with it came the Indian Peoples Theatre tie-up (IPTA), which worked as its heathenish wing. They took the initiative of portable theatre and these were based on various political agenda primarily against the British Rule. Indian theatre was turning out as a medium of social and political change that would be more concerned about reaching out to the common people.Post-Independence, Indian theatre got a fresh and broader outlook from trance mixing of various styles from medieval, Sanskrit, and western theatre. This newly found entity was further enhance by the formation of Sangeet Natak Academy in Jan 1953 and the National School of Drama, novel Delhi under Ebrahim Alkazi in 1959. This dramatic revival brought m close to(prenominal) pioneers in the theatrical front among which Habib Tanvir was one of the most popular theatre playwright-director in Hindi and Urdu. Along with B.V. Karanth (1928-2002), Ibrahim Alkazi (born 1923), Utpal Dutt (1929-1993) Satyadev Dubey (born 1936), Tanvir shaped the coordinate of modern theatre in India.The personal identity in Tanvirs form of theatre was that it showed how Indian theatre could be concurrently sounded with tralatitious and contemporary aspects. His theater was non fixed to any one form as a whole. His works reaped the skills, energies of kinfolk act and made them relevant to the secular and democratic perspective. The effect was that his artwork was as challenging as it was entertaining. During the five decades of his stint in theatre, Tanvir gave such memorable productions as Agra Bazar1954, Mitti ki Gari1958, Gaon ka Naam Sasural Mor Naam Damaad1973, Charandas Chor1975, Jis Lahore Ni Dekhya1990, and Rajrakt2006, of which many are renowned as classics of the contemporary Indian stage.In popular culture, the name of Habib Tanvir is closely cerebrate to the concept of the folk theatre. However, Habib Tanvirs magical spell with the folk was motivated by the folk performers who brought their own styles along with them. Habib Tanvir plays concern actors who move sing and dance. His project from the start had been to ut ilize elements of folk as an instrument to produce theater to appeal general masses.Habib Ahmed Khan was born in Raipur, Chhattisgarh to Hafiz Ahmed Khan, who belonged to Peshawar. Tanvir was a pen-name he took aft(prenominal)wards when he started writing poetry. Raipur, during that sentence was a small town ring by closures. As a child, Tanvir too had many opportunities to visit villages, move with the residents and listen to the songs of the locals. He was so attracted by those melodies that he even memorized some of them.Tanvir completed his schooling from Laurie Municipal High School in Raipur and his BA from Morris College Nagpur in 1944. After pursuing his Masters for 1 year at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Tanvir moved to Bombay in 1945 and joined All India Radio (AIR). He also joined the PWA (Progressive Writers Association) and became an essential part of IPTA (Indian Peoples Theatre Association) as an actor. When the commie Party of India was banned many IPTA memb ers were jailed or went underground. From 1948-50, Habib solely handled the debt instrument of running the organization.In 1954, Tanvir moved to Delhi, and worked with Hindustani Theatre formed by Qudsia Zaidi and authored many plays. It was in this period he met Moneeka Mishra, also an actor-director, whom he subsequently married. In the same year, he produced Agra Bazar, based on the eras of the 18-th-century Urdu poet, Nazir Akbarabadi, an honest-to-goodness poet in the generation of Mirza Ghalib. He used students of Jamia Millia Islamia and local residents and folk artists from Okhla village and created an ambience never seen before in Indian theatre. The play was not staged in a restricted space, but in a bazaar, a marketplace. Later, On a Govt of India scholarship, Tanvir went to England in 1956. He received provision at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, and the British Drama League, and having impression to Western drama and production styles.He traveled extensively th roughout Europe, watching theatre. In 1956 he spent about 8 months in Berlin and saw numerous productions by Bertolt Brecht. Being Tanvirs first experience with the German playwright-directors work he was quickly influenced by it. Simplicity and directness were the benchmark of Berliner Ensemble productions, and Tanvir was re heeded of Sanskrit drama, about its simplicity in technique and presentation. By the time he got back to India, he was determined to unlearn much of what he had learnt at RADA. Thus following a path of development antagonist to that followed by other Indian directors trained in Britain.Soon after returning from Europe, he worked with some folk artists of Chhattisgarh and tried to understand their forms and techniques. His first production, Mitti ki Gadi, included 6 folk actors from Chhattisgarh in the cast. Besides, to legislate a distinct Indian form and style, he used the conventions and techniques of folk stage. This play though is now performed entirely by village artists, but it is compose considered as one of the best modern portrayal of the classic.Tanvir and his wife Moneeka Misra founded Naya Theatre in 1959. During this stage of career, Tanvirs interest in the folk traditions and performers keep to grow. But, it was not until the early 1970s that this association reached a new and more bear on phase.Tanvir wasnt entirely satisfied with the working of folk actors. He identified two faults in his approach to tackle them. Firstly, the problem with the rural artists was they not merely could read or write but couldnt even remember what way they needed to move in the stage. So, it wasnt wise enough to pre-define their movements in advance. Secondly, fashioning these people speak standard Hindi in Hindustani plays created a severe handicap for them and restricted their freedom of expression and creativity in performance.To improvise on these faults, the folk actors were allowed to speak in their autochthonic Chhattisgarhi dia lect. He also worked intensively with rural performers in their language manner of speaking and style of performance. Also, to make them feel stage worthy, he allowed them their own portion of delivery in their own traditional way. The second breakthrough came when Tanvir conducted a nacha shop in Raipur in 1972 where more than a hundred folk participants were involved in a month-long exercise. During this workshop, three different traditional comedies were selected and combined to form a full length play. Further improvisations linked them up to a full story, leading to a stage play called Gaon ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damaad.This play attach a turning point in Tanvirs career, not only because the play was a grand success in Delhi but that he at last found the form and style he was searching since his directorial debut. Since then, he continued his construction and casting of play through improvisations. Through this method, at that time he produced his best work Charandas Cho r(1975). This play is still the evergreen front-runner for most theatre goers.Tanvirs Naya Theatre worked almost entirely with folk actors. But, his periodical productions with other theatre groups were also marked by the style he developed through his work with folk artists. But, this newly developed style was not folk theatre by any sense. He was still an urban artist with sensibility, modern outlook and strong sense of floor and politics. His unique style and content in theatre always reflected his commitment to common people and their causes, primarily due to his involvement with the leftist cultural movement in early years.Tanvirs fascination with the folk was motivated by the fact that he believed there is a huge artistic and creative energy inherent in these traditions. He always borrowed techniques, music and al-Qaedas from these traditions as and when required. His theatre never belonged to any one form or tradition wholly. His plays, from the beginning, have been utili zing elements of folk traditions as a tool and make them give new, contemporary meanings, and to create an art form which has that touch of soil in it.The performance styles of the actors were always in their conventional nacha background, but the plays were not maestro nacha productions. While the number of actors in a nacha play is usually 2 or 3, the rest being background dancers and singers, Tanvirs plays used to involve a whole casting of actors, some of whom could sing and dance. His productions always had a structure which one doesnt associate with the original form of the nacha.Another significant diversion is that while the nacha songs are mostly used as intermediate musical theater delays, in Tanvirs plays they were closely embedded as an important part of the theme of the play. This is best displayed in some his adaptations like The Good Woman of Szechwan (Shaajapur ki Shantibai) and A Midsummers Night Dream (Kamdeo Ka Apna, Basant Ritu Ka Sapna). Tanvir not only gave h is poetic compositions the incandescence of the original but has also used his words to fit native tunes with ease and skill.However, Tanvir was always conscious not to create a digression between his own educated minds over the uneducated creative mind of his actors. An example of this approach is the way Tanvir mixed his poetry to the traditional tribal and folk music, retaining its own imaginative power without in any way less valuing the latter. Another example is the way he allowed his actors and their skills to be intercommunicate by less complicating the lighting stage design.Therefore in credit line to the stylish genre of drama on one side and the traditional theatre on the other, Habib Tanvir, with his own blend of tradition, folk creativity and unfavourable consciousness, offered a fresh and innovative model of field of dramatics. It is this rich blend which made his art so memorable.Even after Tanvirs death, his innovative art form and style is still being carried forward through newer productions of Naya Theatre. see recent performance of Naya Theatre actors in movie Peepli Live we can probably comment that Tanvirs art form is gradually crossing the barriers of contemporary theatre and exploring newer towards mainstream cinema.

Community Radio Stations in Rural or Developing Areas

Community Radio Stations in Rural or Developing AreasIn recent times, media has prioritised the use of thr champion communications, where the rural areas receive information from their nearby capital cities. The minor company has always been overlooked. Community receiving setcommunication is the form of receiving setcommunication that emphasises on a connection, allowing its members to plan, produce, perform and make the use of media to make their voices heard and existence sensed. The members of the community, ofttimes on a volunteer basis, for which the receiving set broadcasts for, are the ones who elect the get on members, make the policy for the station, manage the station and produce the platforms that is represents the community (Kim Mahling Clark, 2007). It is the authority of expression of the community, rather than for the community (Lumko Mtimde, 1998). Community radiocommunication is an influential whoreson for empowerment of the unnoticed groups struggling to be heard in the society.The sacred scripture community refers to a group of people living in the analogous place who share characteristics and/or cares. The term community can be classified on the basis of the geographical location and a loving group of individuals who share specific interests. Hence a community radio is the one that broadcasts solely for the entertainment, development and empowerment of a community. This goal is met by allowing the members of the community to voice their ruling about the issues and the policies that affect their personal lives (Lumko Mtimde, 1998). However, claiming that community radio broadcasts solely for the needs of a community will not suffice. The mainstream radio also take the responsibility of the communities. Also categorising the community radio as a small-scaled, alternative and affectionately beneficial form of radio is insufficient, as these can be the defining features of commercial and public inspection and repair radio (C hignell, 2009). Gordon, in his article, summarised the definition Everybody who has any interest in radio knows what exactly community radio is all about. But these people, at times, counterbalance each other. However, it is unanimously agreed that a community radio is the one that is run principally by volunteers on a non-profit concept, this is where the agreement ends (Gordon, 2006). A community radio moldiness either be registered as a non-profit making organisation or must be run by an entity that is registered as non-profit making organisation. Therefore it is understood that the objective of the organisation runway a community radio should be to serve and educate their fag community and not to make profit out of the business.When Jose Ignacio Lopez came across the examination Do we work primarily for our gain, or to help improve the social conditions and the cultural quality of life of the people in our communities? he verbalize that, Community radio stations are not look ing for profit, exclusively to provide a service to civil society. A service that attempts to twine public opinion, bring on consensus, strengthen democracy and above all create community hence the name community radio. (Lumko Mtimde, 1998). The community radio must take up the responsibility to educate their audience about the topical anaesthetic political party and help them cast their vote community radio can also help the listeners preserve their local anaesthetic environment. The networks of community radio stations can serve as an effective platform for the construct of national news and scattering of information (Kim Mahling Clark, 2007).There can be as many community radio stations as the chassis of communities a country is comprised of. This is restricted by the frequencies available for the broadcast. However, some countries hit legislations which renders some communities ineligible to community radio licenses. Source of income has always been a challenge for thes e radio stations. A well-harmonised pooled source of funding or a microcredit loan system for community radio improvement that is not a matter to donor priorities may help the struggling radio. The radio should attempt for donors who would provide them with the required equipment and technological support. If the legal and political scenario does not sanction the development of community radio and if there is potential in a community, then the international development community should come forth and actuate the government to help the community establish their community radio (Kim Mahling Clark, 2007).Nepals topography did not allow the coverage by electronic media or the distribution of print media. The low literacy levels with poor electrification added to misery that media was in the early 1900s. The satiate covered by the radio, television and the two daily newspapers were essentially misrelated to the rural community, which comprised of an approximate of 80% of the country s population at the time. When the airwaves were made public, it gave birth to a few radio stations that primarily broadcasted pop music for the urban youth. After a long and arduous battle with the conservative politicians and bureaucrats, the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists (NEFEJ), along with other organisations, who were unconquerable to bring the Radio Sagarmatha (RS) into life, received their license. When the officer came over to hand in the license, he said, You pee won the war. To which the RS programme director replied, Lately, you have obeyed the law The RS is run by a station manager/programme director, six full time producers, two technicians, a music librarian, an engineer, an accounts officers, a station helper and some 26 volunteers. These volunteers period of play an important part, as they would in any community radio, to help the RS to function. RS has actively taken interest in women empowerment. The station has two regular access spots the commence ment where the audience call the station and record their feedback onto an answering machine and the wink is a vox-pop segment where the producers ask people in the streets to record their opinion on a particular topic. A pre-recorded daily segment called Its My Turn Now allow the people of the community to speak their headspring on any topic. For the children, the radio broadcasts a serial, which is sponsored by UNICEF, in which a grandfather tree and a baby parrot interact with children who play around the tree. Monthly, or sometimes weekly, programmes are produced with collaboration with community groups and local NGOs. The radio has regularly covered the topics of meter tampering by go drivers, thieves and pickpockets, prostitution, AIDS, leprosy, TB, quality of air and water, child labour and abortion (Colin Fraser, 2001).ReferencesChignell, H., 2009. Key concepts in radio studies. s.l.SAGE publications ltd.Colin Fraser, S. R. E., 2001. Community radio handbook. s.l.UNESCO.G ordon, J., 2006. A comparision of a prototype of new British community radio stations with a collimate sample of established Australian community radio stations. 3C Media, Journal of Community, Citizen.s and trinity Sector Media and Communications, pp. 1-16.Kim Mahling Clark, K. C. C. C. B. D., 2007. Community radio its impact and challenges to its development, s.l. s.n.Lumko Mtimde, M.-H. B. N. M. K. N., 1998. What is community radio?, s.l. AMARC Africa and Panos gray Africa.

Structured query language: Development

Structured call into question actors line Development scamDatabase engineering and the Structured interrogation expression (SQL) hasten grown staggeringly in recent days. This reputation presents results of the research on the historical positioning of the development of SQL and its move development. Applications from diametric domains take over different requirements for using infobase technology and SQL. This paper similarly presents an overview on description of the utilization query diction, and highlighted the some(prenominal) benefits and produce writings on risks of adopting a Standard Query talking to.KeywordSQL, infobase management system, XML, Data, Database. mental hospitalStandard Query Language (SQL) is today the touchstone linguistic process for relative and physical object- relative entropybases. Application programs commonly include a relatively large keep down of SQL queries and updates, which atomic number 18 sent to the Database Mana gement System (DBMS) for execution. The most gener entirelyy utilise infobase management systems, such(prenominal) as Oracle, Access, mySQL, SQLserver, Paradox, Ingres, and separates, are all claimed to be comparative. Certainly, they all use SQL which itself is often simulated to be an indicator of a relative selective informationbase system. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the historical perspective of the development of SQL and its continuing development. This article too highlighted the benefits and risks of adopting a standard interrogation language. This paper is ground on review history of the Standard Query Language and literature on benefit and risks of adopting SQL. organic evolution and current situation of the SQLAbreu, et.al. (2006) expound that the comparative model came about as a result of E. Codds research at IBM during the sixties. The SQL, originally named SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was implemented in an IBM pattern (SEQUEL- XRM), during the mid-seventies. Some years later, a subset of this language was implemented in IBMs System-R.In 1979, ORACLE emerged as the first commercial DBMS based on SQL, followed by several other products such as SQL/DS, DB2, DG/SQL, SYBASE, INTERBASE, INFORMIX, UNIFY. stock-still those which had not originally implemented SQL as their base query language, offered SQL interfaces such as INGRES, ADABAS, SUPRA, IDMS/R. As a result of this process, Standard Query Language became a de facto standard.In late 1982, Ameri dirty dog National Standards Institute (ANSI) H23 begins to govern SEQUEL which is variate of the relational data model through the IBM language. In 1986, renamed SQL by H2, basic SQL was completed and suffer an Ameri potentiometer National Standard and soon an ISO standard.In 1989, the first random variable of the SQL standard was revised and an addendum, which include main improvements on referential integrity issues, was published. Meanwhile, ANSI brought ou t a standard for embed SQL.In the early nineties, a new version, bangn as SQL2 or SQL-92, was published by ISO. Both the semantic capabilities of the language and fallacy management were and then considerably improved. That standard was complemented a few years later, with the approval of SQL/CLI (Call-Level Interface) and SQL/PSM ( saturnine Stored Modules). SQL became a complete computational language, with features such as control structures and exception handling.During the last half of the nineties, SQL was extended by the comprehension of object-oriented capabilities. The resulting standard was divided into several disperse. This version, previously known as SQL3 and then finally ringed SQL1999, incorporated features such as new basic data types for example very large objects, drug user defined data types, algorithmic query operators, sensitive cursors, tables generalization and user roles.According to Abreu, et.al. (2006), The latest version of the standard is the SQL2003, which is there are major revisions and extensions to most parts of the SQL1999 standard. This version contains SQL/XML which is XML related specifications, new basic data types such as bigint, multiset and XML, enhancements to SQL-invoked routines, extensions to the build TABLE rumor, there are new MERGE statement, schema object which is the sequence generator and two new sorts of columns for identity and generated. He also produced the Table 1 as summarizes the evolution of SQL.Table 1 Evolution of SQLYearSQL70srelational modelDBMS prototypes (SEQUEL XRM)First relational DBMS80sANSI SQL-86 standardISO SQL-87 standardSQL-89 addendumANSI embedded SQL90sSQL 92SQL/CLISQL/PSMSQL19992003SQL2003Accordingto Wikipedia, thereis other standard produced at 2006 and 2008, The SQL2006 by ISO/IEC 9075-142006 which defines waysfor SQL for conjunction with XML. It also defines how to do storing and importing XML data for SQL, manipulating the data on database and publishing SQL data a nd XML in XML form. In addition, by use of Query and XML Query Language, it nookie integrate into their SQL inscribe the published by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in recount to concurrently access ordinary SQL-data and XML documents. The latest standard is SQL2008, it legalizes tack BY outside cursor definitions. It adds INSTEAD OF triggers and the TRUNCATE statement.Abreu, et.al. (2006) highlighted the SQL2003 standard is peaceful of nine parts, which are briefly described in Table 2. The count of parts is not contiguous due to historical reasons some parts have disappeared such as SQL1999s part 5 SQL/Bindings was included in part 2 of SQL2003 and other parts are new. The last mentioned resulted every from provided partitioning of previous parts such as part 11 was previously included in SQL1999 part 2 or from the implementation of new requirements, such as parts 13 and 14, dealings with coffee methods and XML data, respectively.Since the SQL1999, the SQL standard has evolved, to mount the object-relational paradigm. This paradigm proposes a good compromise between relational and object-oriented databases. The former have a robust data model which is the relational one and powerful query optimization, recovery, security and concurrency mechanisms. The latter incorporate object-oriented mechanisms such as encapsulation, generalization, aggregation and polymorphism, and allow representing more multiplex elements which are postulate in several domains, such as CAD, CAM or GIS.Object-relational databases offer the possibility of defining classes or abstract data types, as well as tables, primary and foreign keys and constraints, as relational databases also do. Furthermore, generalization hierarchies can be defined among classes or tables. Table attri besideses can be defined in a elementary domain for example CHAR(25) or in a user-defined class, as a complex emergence or image.Table 2 Structure and summary of the SQL2003 standard secernName rendering1Framework(SQL/Framework)Overviewof the standard. It describes legal injury and notation utilize in the other parts. It also defines the result of processing statements in that language and the grammar of SQL by a SQL-implementation that has been illustrating in the conceptual framework used for other parts.2Foundation(SQL/Foundation)Thispart describes the basic operations on SQL-data and data structures. The useful query such as controlling, allegeing, accessing, creating, and protecting SQL-data. It also defines the semantics and sentence structure of a database language. It deals with the portability of data definitions and compilation units between SQL-implementations and the interconnection of SQL-implementations.3Call-Level Interface(SQL/CLI)Itdescribes procedures to scat SQL statements indoors standard programing language in application written, such the SQL statements entrust be executed use independent functions.4Persistent Stored Modules(SQL/PSM)It define s how the semantics and syntax of a database language has been declare and maintain persistent database language systems in SQL-server modules.9Management of External Data(SQL/MED)Extensionsto Database Language SQL is definedfor reassert management of external data purpose by using data link types and foreign-data wrappers10Object Language Bindings(SQL/OLB)Itdefines SQLJQ, which is describes extensions in the Java computer programming language, for corroboration embedding of SQL statements into programs written. The syntax and semanticsof SQLJ described by this part, as well as mechanisms to make sure binary portability of resulting SQLJ applications. This part also defines a moment of Java packages and their classes.11In coiffureion and definition system(SQL/Schemata)Thispart defines a Definition Schema that characterizes the SQL object identifier, the integrity and structure constraints of SQL-data, the authorization and security specifications associated to SQL-data, the fea tures, sub-features and the support that each of these has in an SQL implementation and also packages of this standard, and an Information Schema. It also includes SQL-implementationinformation and size items.13Routines and Types Using the Java Programming Language(SQL/JRT)Itdescribes the Java programming language on doing capability of invoking static methods as SQL-invoked routines and SQL structured user-defined types for using classes specified in the Java programming language.14XML-Related Specifications(SQL/XML)Thispart describes ways in which SQL also can be used for conjunction with XML.SQL OverviewGardner and Hagenbuch (1983) stated that Relational DBMSs are normally accessed via a data language. In order to allow the DBMS to optimize accesses to the database and to deal with problems related to concurrent access by multiple users, the languages are typically very high level. The SQL is an example of such a language that can be used for that purpose.They also express that SQL statements are non-procedural statements of what data to heal, for example the query statements to retrieve employee such as SELECT * FROM EMP , or what operation to perform, for example the query statement to wipe off some data which is non-queries such as DELETE EMP WHERE NAME = Jones .While simple SQL statements can easily be entered interactively by end-users, the complex sequences of operations required by most applications for example closing the books for the end of month, those are bring out handled by embedding SQL in a procedural programming language.According to Kuhlemann, et al. (2008) SQL is a database query language used for formulating statements that are processed by a database management system for create and maintain a database. The SELECT statement is the most commonly used by the SQL query which can retrieve data from one or more tables in the database. It can adjust the retrieved data using conditional statements in the WHERE article, the GROUP BY claus e can use for group related data and it can entrap the grouped data with the HAVING clause for order or sort data which based on different columns using the baseball club BY clause.He also stated that SQL consists of many statements to create and ascertain database objects. Since its first standardisation in 1986, more and more functionality is being included in SQL in each subsequent standard covering a variety of aspects of user interaction. The latest edition of the SQL standard, referred to as SQL2003, supports various functionality such as call level interfacing, foreign-data wrappers, embedding SQL statements in Java, line of descent intelligence and data warehousing functions, support for XML, new data types, etc.The next standard, called SQL 20071, it will most belike add features like regular expression support, binary and outing tenfold data types, materialized views, streaming data support, XQuery support and support for the Re showtime Description Framework (RDF) and the semantic web. Many researchers have led the huge mountain chain of SQLs functionality to advocate the usage of a scaled down version of SQL, specially for embedded systems. The hardware limitations such as subaltern RAM, small persistent computer storage, and large data read/write ratio come up from embedded systems. Also the applications where embedded systems are used, for an example such as healthcare and bank cash cards, need only a small set of queries like select, project, views, and aggregations.Kuhlemann, et al. (2008) described that a standard called Structured placard Query Language (SCQL) by ISO considers inter-industry commands for use in smart cards with constrained functionality of SQL. This issue has been proposed to address by some database systems and SQL engines. They are tell apart as tiny, e.g., the TinyDB2 database system, for extracting information from a sensor network and tinySQL3 SQL engine, which is a Java SQL engine that supports only a few SQL statements like select, update, insert, delete. While the normalization process shows how SQL has increased in size and complexity in terms of features provided, efforts for scaled down versions show a need to control and manipulate features of SQL.Gardner and Hagenbuch (1983) stated that SQL is a data language designed for use with the relational data model. The executable unit of SQL is the statement, but there are no SQL programs. SQL statements execute in the mount of a hotshot enrolled user of the database. The context in which a statement executes chooses what advantages it may exercise on objects in the database. Just only one or two contexts will be absorbed by an application program. Many SQL statements may run within each context. Each statement isdescribed by the DBMS, i.e., prepared for execution.Catrambone and Yuasa (2006) cited in (Smelcer, 1989) described that the Structured Query Language for databases, which sometimes referred to as the Standard Query Languag e, is a command language for relational databases. It was preferred here as the test domain because writing a query with SQL is a relatively complicated task and because the knowledge required to write queries can be fully specified.Moore (1992) said that SQL was once an acronym for the Structured Query Language which was associated with a propriety implementation. When SQL is used to refer to the ANSI standard, it is no longer an acronym, simply a short form of Database Language-SQL.Benefits of adopting SQLDonaho and Davis listed that several features make Standard Query Language at least as good as any other query language currently in use The basic concepts and syntax of SQL are easy for learned. This short initial learning period can decreases the amount of training required and it also can increases productivity.SQL is a fairly high-level language. The programmer can write queries without knowing all of the well-read details of the DBMS implementation. For example, a SELECT c lause allows the user to get wind the needed data without indicating how to access it.SQL associate the data definition and data manipulation languages. Unlike other query languages, SQL uses the same syntactic constructs for definition functions and manipulation functions. This regularity makes the language easier to learn and use.SQL provides the functionality needed for most database applications. That is, the language is powerful enough to do most of the things required in a database application.According to Biggar, Chawla and Meese (2009), other benefits of adopting SQL includeLower capital and operational cost by reduced IT footprint, easier management, storage platform features and licensing advantages.Improved agility and manageableness by isolating application workloads on the storage system, providing heterogeneous storage support, and allowing live automated provisioning of storage.Higher availability by simplified rest and recovery, availability during server mainten ance, failover support through physical host clustering, and business line continuity or disaster recovery.Hoffer (2009) also stated the benefits of SQL are as followReduced training cost, training for organization can centre one language only.Productivity, IS professionals become more proficient and learn SQL with it from go along use. They can increase the productive, usually programmers can more rapidly maintain the existing program.Application portability, when each machine uses SQL the applications can be travel from machine to machine.Application longevity, when new versions of DBMSs are introduced and the standard of language is enhanced, the applications will simply be updated.Reduced dependence on a single vendor, which may get down prices and improve service because of the market for such vendors can become more competitive,.Cross-system communication, managing data and processing user programs can become more easily communicated.Risks of adopting SQLMaciol (2008) stat ed that SQL has a row of limitations coming from its foundations such asIt is difficult for defining terms and lists. in that location is limitation of atomic data.Lack of repetition and iteration.Limited possibilities of data processing control.Lack of synthetic thinking possibility.Chan, Lu and Wei (2003) listed the problem while using SQL Comprehension difficulty conglomerate queries are not easy to break apart, usually by another person. The nested inner ear is quite confusing. This confirms one of the theoretical flaws of SQLnot well defined semantics for nesting (Codd 1990). tenfold joins of many tables can lead to uncertainty of the query accuracy. Logical errors are difficult to detect, as compared to 3GLs.Formulation problem Joins are difficult for end-users. withal many aggregate functions in a single query have led to problems. Use of wrong field and name definition. Unable to format the output as desired. Variables used with wrong variable types, especially for embedded SQL.Performance Response is slow when system does not select the better(p) road to access tables. Database contention occurs by simultaneous accesses A query may need to be broken into smaller queries to speed up processing time. Thisrequires more temporary space.Unclear error message sometimes give wrong impressions.They also stated that usually whenusers encounter problems with SQL, the bulk refers to the manual. This also confirms the finding that manuals form a substantial secondary source of SQL knowledge. Mostly prefer try to find the assistance of colleagues or superiors. just a minority, attempt to query with other languages, while less will try another means, one of which was to try until get it right, to SQL manuals.Brass and Goldberg (2005) highlighted that errors in SQL queries can be classified into syntactic errors and semantic errors. A syntactic error means that the entered character string is not valid SQL. because there are print an error message becau se it cannot execute the query by any DBMS. Thus, the error is easy to correct and definitely detected. A semantic error means that a legal SQL query was entered, but the query does not or not always produce the mean results, and is therefore incorrect for the given task. semantic errors can be further classified into cases where the task must be known in order to detect that the query is incorrect, and cases where there is sufficient evidence that the query is incorrect no matter what the task is.Kiefer and Nicola (2009) observed that the adoption of SQL/XML faces several challenges. When relational legacy applications need access to new XML data, it is often too pricy to convert them from SQL to SQL/XML. Another frequent challenge is to actually write queries and updates with SQL/XML and Query. on that point are numbers of problem can occur such asUsers need to learn these new languages, which are often perceived as difficult to master. This stems from the differences between the XML data model and the relational data model.SQL/XML involves path expressions that navigate the tree structure of XML documents. To write path expressions, users must know the structure of the XML data in detail. It is not enough to know which data items exist, it is also necessary to know their exact case-sensitive name, namespace, and location within the document structure. But, this structure is often complex, difficult to understand, or even unknown to the user.As more XML documents are accumulated in a database, newer documents may have a different XML Schema than older ones. This requires queries and updates to work across documents for different schemas, which compounds the complexity of writing SQL/XML statements. Also, existing XML queries may need to be changed when the XML Schema evolves.In a hybrid database, where some data is stored in relational format and some in XML format, users need to know which data is in which format before they can write correct queries.Co nclusionThe SQL (Structured Query Language) is presently available for most database management systems. The SQL2008 is the latest standard whichlegalizes ORDER BY outside cursor definitions. It also adds INSTEAD OF triggers and the TRUNCATE statement. This paper present briefly overview history of Standard Query Language, it also analyze benefits and risk of adopting SQL. There are benefit of adopting SQL such as lower capital and operational costs, improved agility and manageability and higher availability. There are many risk occur when adopting SQL, but usually the user can easily handle that risks. In future work, it can check up on patterns for SQL queries in greater detail such as analyzing SQL queries from real projects.ReferencesAbreu, F.B., Baroni, A., Calero, C., Piattini, M. (2006). An ontological approach to describe the SQL2003object-relational features. Computer Standards Interfaces, 28, 695-713.Biggar, H., Chawla, A., Meese, L. (2009). The Benefits of Virtualizin g Microsoft SQL Server in Hitachi Storage Environments. http//www.hds.com/assets/pdf/the-benefits-of-virtualizing-microsoft-sql-server-wp.pdf.Brass, S., Goldberg, C. (2005). Semantic errors in SQL queries A quite complete list. The Journal of Systems and Software, 79, 630-644.Catrambone, R., Yuasa, M. (2006). Acquisition of procedures The make of example elaborations and active learning exercises. Learning and Instruction,16 , 139e153.Chan, H.C., Lu, H., Wei, K.K. (1993). A Survey on Usage of SQL. Sigmod Record, Vol. 22.Davis, G.K., Donaho, J.E. Ada-Embedded SQL the Options. Vii.3-72.Gardner, M., Hagenbuch, B. (1983). Interfacing Apl And Sql. .ACM, 0-89791-095-8/83/0400-0109.Hoffer, J.A., Prescott, M.B., Topi, H. (2002). Modern Database Management. New Jersey Pearson Education.Kiefer, T., Nicola, M. (2009). Generating SQL/XML Query and update Statements. ACM,978-1-60558-512-3/09/11.Kuhlemann, M., Saake, G., Siegmund, N., Sunkle, S., Uller, M.R. (2008). Generating Highly C ustomizable SQL Parsers. ACM, 978-1-59593-964-7/08/03.Maciol, A. (2008). An application of rule-based tool in attributive logic for business rules modeling. Expert Systems with Applications, 34, 1825-1836.Moore, J. W. (1992). Minimizing the disadvantages of embedded sql/ada. ACM, 0-S9791-529-1 /92/0011-0407.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL.

Antiglycation Studies of Pd(II)-Hydrazide Complexes

Antiglycation Studies of Pd(II)-Hydrazide ComplexesIntroductionGlycation is a non-enzymatic spontaneous answer between moolahs and coexisting protein followed by a complex cascade of reactions including dehydration, redox reaction and early(a) rearrangements 1, 2 forming pass on glycation end products ( geezerhoods) 3. Glycation reactions depend on the propagation of reactive oxygen species by trace amounts of redox active metal ions 4 and on the degree and continuance of hyperglycemia in vivo 5. Glycation damages the collagen and elastin throughout the body. It is generally accepted that accretion of tissue AGEs together with enhanced oxidative stress has an important graphic symbol in the progression of senescence and diabetic complications including retinopathy, neuropathy, embryopathy, delayed healing of wounds and others 6-10. The improver in diabetic complications is the major cause of increased morbidity and deathrate rate that has enhanced considerably in the two decades 11. It has been estimated that the number of cases of DM will reach to 366 million by 2030 12, 13 showing in concomitant a great challenge to healthc ar systems 14. The failure of existing antidiabetic drug drugs ar forcing researchers to find out new keep downors of proteins responsible for glycation in commit to have a long term and sustainable solution for steering of diabetes and age-re latishd diseases.Protein Glycation The protein glycation, as well called Millard reaction, packs non-enzymatic coupling of proteins with simplification sugars ultimately producing advanced end products. The glycation is a spontaneous reaction, which stimulates the degradation of proteins with variety of their structures and biological activity 1-3. Various reduction sugars including glucose, lactose, fructose, xylose, deoxyribose and galactose may take part in protein glycation 15.Chemistry and mechanics of Protein GlycationThe protein glycation process initiates with the react ion of carbonyl (keto or aldehydic) sort out of reducing sugar with forgo amino free constitutional group of protein forming a labile Schiff base 16. This is called proterozoic stage of glycation. The Schiff bases atomic number 18 then transformed through Amadori rearrangement into comparatively unchanging compounds cognize as Amadori products. At vitriolicic pH or on a lower floor oxidative conditions, the Amadori products or Schiff bases undergo degradation generating extremely reactive 1, 2-dicarbonyl compounds, much(prenominal) as methylglyoxal ( insure 94) 17-21. The administration of protein dicarbonyls through a protein enediol may generate superoxide anion melodic themes in the presence of musical passage metal ions and molecular oxygen 22. The superoxide radicals can be converted into most reactive hydroxyl radical via Fenton reaction 7. The reactive carbonyl compounds subsequently react with amino groups of neighboring proteins producing protein dicarbonyl compounds, which further contribute in the formation of various types of protein crosslinks and adducts called Advanced Glycation nullify Products (AGEs). The autoxidation of Amadori products to AGEs is described as glycoxidation process. run into 94. Structures of few reactive dicarbonyl glycation median(a)sAdvanced Glycation end ProductsThe advanced glycation end products (AGEs) comprise a complex heterogeneous group of compounds produced primarily through the reaction of reactive carbonyls and proteins. AGEs demonstrate to have versatile molecular biological functions and structures 18, 23. The amino, sulphydryl and guanidinum functional groups occurring in the intracellular and extracellular proteins are the main targets of reactive carbonyl compounds. Various AGEs have been recognized in different tissues that can be categorized into three major groups fluorescent cross-linked AGEs (e.g. pentosidine and crossline), non-fluorescent cross-linked AGEs (e.g. alkyl formyl gl ycosyl pyrrole and arginine-lysine imidazole cross-links) and non-cross linked AGEs (e.g. pyrraline and N-(carboxylmethyl) lysine) 18. The structures of some AGEs are presented in Figure 95.Figure 95. Structures of selected advanced glycation end productsFactors Affecting the Formation of AGEsIn physiological environment, the generation of AGEs is a relatively slow process. Accordingly, the AGEs accumulation is dominant in long-lived structural proteins, for instance, tissue collagens and lens crystallins. The oxidative conditions are known to accelerate the formation of AGEs, which slows down under anaerobic environment 24. The transition metal ions may induce the auto-oxidation of sugars to produce keto aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide that drive on up the formation of AGEs 25. The amount of AGEs formed is increased as a function of cadence and concentration of glucose and hence the AGEs formation is enhanced with aging and under diabetic conditions 26.Site Specificity of Glycat ion of ProteinsGlycation of protein is considered as a specific reaction however, it is less specific compared to enzymatic glycosylation. Glycation often takes place at alter commit in the protein, much(prenominal) as the substrate binding site (e.g. Arg-39) of RNase, the allosteric site (e.g. V1) of hemoglobin, and the drug binding sites (e.g. Arg-410) on albumin 27. The specificity of glycation may be determined by endogenous ligands and the structure of protein particularly an amino acid sequence within the protein. The specificity of protein glycation is usually affected by both elemental and acidic neighboring groups 28, either via catalysis of Amadori rearrangement (the rate-limiting step of protein glycation), or via effecting pKa of amino group that contributes in enhancing its nucleophilicity and formation kinetics of Schiff bases. This shows that there is a sport in the respective rate and extent of glycation shown by amino groups in the protein. The anionic ligands also catalyze the potential glycation of proteins at specific sites 27. exogenous Sources of AGEsThe formation of AGEs via Maillard reaction was originally described for physical and chemical deepens occurring during thawing of food 29. Beside the natural formation of AGEs inside the body, there are some exogenous sources of increased AGEs including diet enriched with AGEs and smoking. The extent of absorption of AGEs ingested with food is in truth small 30. However, there is a strong relationship of AGEs circulating in the human body with the AGEs ingested 31.It has been investigated that tobacco smoke increases the formation of AGEs on germ plasm proteins due to containing some products, which produce protein crosslinks and AGE-like fluorescence and mutagenicity 32. For example, the diarbonyl compounds, glyoxal and metbylglyoxal, are most likely to be present in cigarette smoke that act as mediators of AGE formation and formed by thermal decomposition of existing saccharides. Accordingly, the serum of diabetic smokers reveals enhanced takes of AGEs relative to diabetic non-smokers 33. Similarly, the smokers are more nonimmune to incidence of cataract, cardiovascular and lungs diseases as compared to non-smokers due to smoke-mediated AGEs formation 34.Toxicity or Pathological Conditions Associated to Glycation and AGEs FormationThe AGEs are more prone to proteolysis and degradation as compared to the original proteins. The accumulation of AGEs has toxic biological make, causing disruption of umteen cellular processes leading to various pathologies. The AGEs as well as intermediate glycation products such as reactive carbonyls induce the production of free radicals in vitro and in vivo 35, 36 and hence increased oxidative stress 37. The glycation-mediated free radicals are the major cause of protein fragmentation as well as oxidation of lipids (lipid peroxidation) and nucleic acids 7.The reactive dicarbonyls have might to bind with naturally active p roteins of diverse physiology via intra- and inter-molecular cross linking resulting in deactivation of enzymes, transcription factors, membrane transporters and auguring components with eventual protein degradation and cyto toxicity 38-40. The AGEs also bind to cell membrane receptors inducing signal cascades leading to inappropriate gene expressions and cellular activities 18.The elevated level of AGEs in tissues has a strong correlation with severity of diabetic complications 41, 42. This is because of modification of enzymatic activity in multiple ways including binding of ligand, change in protein half life, increased membrane permeability, decreased binding ability of insulin to its receptors, increased atherogenicity of LPL and variation in the immunogenicity 43-45. The main diabetic complications include afflicted wound healing and the serious damage and failure of various zippy organs such as kidneys (nephropathy), nerves (neuropathy), eyes (cataract, retinopathy), blood vessels (atherosclerosis) and tenderheartedness (cardiomyopathy) 11, 34, 46, 47. The AGEs formation is also associated to aging, Alzheimers disease and other chronic disorders 17, 10, 48-50. innate(p) Biological Defense Mechanism against Glycation and AGEsThe human body presents a indisputable mechanics to inhibit the glycation of protein and resulting AGEs formation. For example, -keto-glutaraldehyde dehydrogenase, a liver enzyme, has a capability to vacant 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), Arnadori-derived reactive intermediate and hence close outs the generation of AGEs 41. The other enzymes such as aldose reductase and glyoxylase system (I and II) can catalyze the deglycation of reactive intermediate methylglyoxal into D-lactase 51. Amadoriases are the group of enzymes found in Aspergillus, which catalyze the deglycation of Amadori products 52. Some NADPH-dependant exogenous enzymes such as aldose reductase and oxoaldehyde reductase that metabolize -dicarbonyls, have the ability to r educe 3-DG and thus regulate the formation of AGEs 53. Similarly, different plasma amines may reduce AGEs formation through reaction with carbonyl groups of sugar and Amadori compounds 54. Antioxidants such as vitamin E and vitamin C, provide vindication against glycation-mediated free radicals, whereas, ceruloplasmin and other transport proteins bind with transition metal ions such as Cu2+, preventing them to take part in glycoxidation reactions or autoxidative glycation 55.Inhibition of Protein Glycation and AGEsseveral(prenominal) attempts have been made earlier to explore pharmacologically active antiglycating agents to prevent or slow down the production of AGEs 56. The major side effect associated with antiglycation therapy limit the use and necessitate the discovery of new inhibitors of glycation with decreased toxicity and long half life to be implicated for large time span. Currently, two therapeutic strategies are highly successful having great forte against diabetic c omplications and normal aging one is the crushing of formation of AGEs and other is the breaking of already open up AGEs cross-linkages 57.Promising Inhibitors of Glycation with Their Mechanism of InhibitionThe antiglycating agents such as aminoguanidine, rutin, antioxidants, aspirin and other AGEs circuit breakers have been examined extensively and standard great interest. The structures of some potential antiglycating agents are depicted in Figure 96.AminoguanidineAminoguanidine is a derivative of hydrazine that inhibits the generation of AGEs and glucose-derived collagen cross-links during in vitro studies 58. Aminoguanidine does not act on already formed AGEs but it reacts with reactive Amadori products such as 3-deoxyglucosone preventing excess rearrangements and intermediates crosslinking 59. In addition, aminoguanidine is a free radical scavenger that contributes in reducing oxidative stress 60. The treatment of diabetic animal models with aminoguanidine reduces AGEs accu mulation, kidney lesions, albuminuria and long-run diabetic complications including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy 61. Aminoguanidine also exerts positive effect on the whet of nerve conduction 22. Aminoguanidine therapy is limited by serious toxic effects attributable to high reactivity, subliminal concentrations and rapid renal clearance. The human trials with aminoguanidine gravel vasculitis (inflammation of lymph or blood vessel), liver function abnormalities 62 and less frequent flu-like symptoms, sickness and headache 63.Figure 96. Structures of some potential antiglycating agentsAspirinAcetylsalicylic acid commonly known as aspirin is an moderating has well known analgesic drug that also shows the preventive action against formation of cataract under diabetic conditions. Aspirin may limit the sugar-mediated formation of Amadori products by acetylation of free amino residues of proteins. Aspirin also stops the crosslinking of tendon in rat potty in vitro throug h inhibition of glycoxidation. Furthermore, aspirin is a free radical scavenger 64. However, the use of aspirin is unlikely in controlling late diabetic complications because of some serious gastrointestinal side effects 41.RutinRutin is a common flavonoid of vegetables and fruits that modulates the AGEs generation in vitro. The flavonoids including rutin that contain vicinal dihydroxyl groups have established their significant role as antiglycating agents. The mechanism of inhibition by rutin is suggested to involve the trapping of amino groups in proteins at early stage of glycation, especially in ketoamine formation, by rutin metabolites like keto-quinone intermediates. Rutin has shown significant inhibitory effect against hemoglobin glycation and it is more efficient compared to aminoguanidine 65.AntioxidnatsSince non-enzymatic glycation of protein is significantly accelerated by excessive generation of free radicals, the antioxidants and other free radical scavengers are expect ed to inhibit the process of glycation 24. For example, vitamin E has been reported to appreciably reduce the glycation of hemoglobin 66. The compounds that endanger both antioxidant and antiglycation properties e.g. aminosalicylic acid, can protect endothelial cells with better efficacy than aminoguanidine against untoward effects of glycation and high glucose levels in vitro 46. Similarly, carnosine that is a naural antioxidant and antiglycating agent, inhibits sugar-induced cross-linking of proteins by reaction with methylglyoxal and also sequesters metal ions (e.g. copper and zinc). Carnosine has shown its role in the treatment of cataracts and other diseases 67. The glycation-derived free radicals generation may be reduced by chelation of transition metal ions, which are responsible for monosaccharide autoxidation. For instance, the metal chelator, diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid has shown the inhibition of glucose autoxidation 68, 69.AGE-BreakersAGE-breakers are the com pounds, which remove AGEs cross-links through breakdown of -dicarbonyl bonds in glucose-derived cross-links of proteins 70. However, the exact mechanism of inhibition for cross-link breaking is unclear so far. N-phenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB) and its chloride form, alagebrium chloride (ALT-711) are the examples of AGE-breakers. It has been demonstrated that the increased arterial stiffness colligate to diabetes is successfully change through a short treatment with AGE-breaker, ALT-711. The cardiovascular stiffness related to normal aging process can also be reduced by ALT-711. For example, the treatment of normal aged dogs with AGE cross-link breaker has shown noticeable decrease in stiffness of left ventricle sleeping accommodation 71.The clinical trial studies on diabetic humans, dogs and other animals indicate the potentially promising use of antiglycation therapy in near future to prevent diabetic complications and other diseases related to protein glycation 56.

Pride of the Anthropocentric World vs. the Theocentric World

congratulate of the Anthropocentric World vs. the Theocentric WorldVerna DrieasThrough emerge The Iliad and the Tanakh, assumption be bonks an app arnt theme, which frames characters and their worldview of valet de chambre as a unit of measurement. Within the Tanakh, the Jews look down upon pride or admiring sensationself, because they link up wholly their gain to divinity fudge. Yet, pride for the Greeks was well-nigh more than exclusively one thinking highly of themselves, it was about being respected and recognize by men instantaneously and those to flow. The reason for this being that the Greeks live in an anthropocentric world, whereas the Jews live in a theocentric world. Living in an anthropocentric world means that the human is the main focus, so the Greeks felt that their Gods held no credit which they had to humble themselves before. Leading the Greeks to act as Gods themselves, thitherfore fetching the glory away from the Gods of Olympus. For the Jews, God is the central element of their lives, so they associate 1their prosperity to the glory of God, who they believe all toldowed them to put up such(prenominal) blessings. Consequently, the Jews push asunder their pride to acknowledge that they atomic number 18 nonhing without God and ensure that God remains with them. Coming from different worldviews, causes the Greeks to put their pride above all others because humanity to them is spaciouser than any noble, whereas the Jews associate2 pride with sin, because they believe that all their gifts come from God so it is wrong to take credit for such blessings.34When David returned from struggle with the Philistines, the hoi polloi chanted his name and praised him for his bravery. Saul, hearing this, became angry and sought out to consume David as he saw that David was a favorite among the people and business concerned that he would go after his crown. Fortunately, Sauls son, Jonathan, told David of his fathers plan, so David esc aped from Saul and fled from one place to another to hide from the wrath of Saul. As David was hiding in the cave of En-gedi, Saul came in to relieve himself, so David went and cut mop up a piece of his cloak. David then felt guilty for doing so to Saul, The nobleman forbid I should do such a thing to my lord- the Lords anointed- that I should raise my hand against him for he is the Lords anointed (I Samuel 24. 7). Rather than killing Saul, he spares him because he is the Messiah, he was elect by God. David feels as if he can not bring harm to Saul because then he would upset the Lord. correct though Saul insults David and continuously threatens his life-time, David puts his pride excursion and does not kill Saul for the sake of God.In contrast when Achilles was asked to put aside his pride for the sake of his comrades he was not willing to do so, for Agamemnon stole his war prize, Briseis and postulateed her as his own. This was an attack towards Achilles as Agamemnon not on ly took away his swag tho his tim, also known as honor. This humiliated Achilles, as Agamemnon keep to insult him and discredit his war efforts, Achilles then questioned Should he draw the yen sharp sword slung at his hip, thrust through the ranks and kill Agamemnon now? (The Iliad I. 224-225). If Athena had not come down from Olympus to calm the fury in the heart of Achilles, he would have killed Agamemnon. To Achilles, his pride was off the beaten track(predicate) colossaler than the life of Agamemnon, as he was willing to kill him regardless of his position.Although both David and Achilles were set about with an inner-conflict of whether or not they should kill their king, they deal with it in different ways. David puts aside his pride and stops himself from committing such a violent act, and stock-still feels self-reproof for simply cutting off a piece of Sauls cloak, because he is Gods chosen one. He worships God and is not willing to put his pride ahead, because he co mes from a world where mans focal point in life is pleasant God.On the other hand, Achilles wants to kill Agamemnon for dishonoring him, he doesnt try to stop himself, instead it is Athena who stops him. Achilles does not care about Agamemnon nor does he fear him, as he would quite Agamemnon be dead than his pride be aggrieved. Being that they come from different worlds, Achilles and David handle the status differently. David fears God because his whole world focuses on God and pleasing the Lord. Whereas Achilles does not need to fear the Gods, since they hold no true holiness, and in his world, human beings hold the superlative significance, so Achilles cares more about what man will say about him and his honor, rather than what the Gods will say or do to him. So the different worldviews affect the way in which characters value their pride.After Nathan had come to have words to David about Gods wishes, of building him a temple and relayed the Lords covenant to David, David s aid to God, What am I, O Lord God, and what is my family, that you have brought me thus far?You are great indeed, O Lord God There is none like you and there is no other God but you (II Samuel 7. 18, 22). David reflects on all that he has gained over the time and he realizes that he has prospered immensely. Yet, he does not boast, rather he takes the time to thank God for all that he has habituated him and rase vows to build the Lord a place for public worship. He does not become prideful and blame all his success on himself, instead he acknowledges that he is nothing without the Lord who blessed him with such riches.When it comes to the Greeks, they however are not the same. As Patroclus goes to war, in the place of Achilles, he kills one man after the other, with Zeus watching over him. Until boss close to faces him and stabs him in the guts and mocks him, but Patroclus answers right back verbal expression, Even if twenty Hectors had charged against me-theyd all have died he re, laid low by my spear. No deathly fate in league with Apollo killed me (The Iliad XVI. 991-993). Patroclus shows no thank to the Gods, rather he takes pride in all his success thus far in the war. He says that he could have taken any man, as he was subject to face Gods who could not kill him. Patroclus boasts in himself, because he sees himself as a man who is greater than even the Gods and could defeat even twenty Hectors.Though both characters are blessed with gifts and talents, David connects his success to the glory of the Lord, whereas Patroclus claims that all his talents and his ability to kill so many men was his doing alone. Patroclus is able to do so because he comes from a world where humans are held at a higher value than other beings, even divine beings, however he does not acknowledge that his gifts are given by the Gods. Instead he takes the glory of the Gods for himself and indulges in his own success, and forgets the Gods when he is able to gain such defeat ove r the Trojan warriors. In contrast, David thanks God for all that he has acquired, he knows that he was given all these blessings through the Lord. Unlike Patroclus, when David is faced with great prosperity, he humbles himself and questions the Lord saying Who am I to receive all these gifts from you. He does not claim all his success for himself, as he sees that he could not have done any of that without Gods doing. Since David does come from a theocentric world, his whole life revolves around God, so he does not take pride in himself, but rather he takes pride in the Lord being great towards him.In conclusion, pride within the two texts is different in that the characters from the novels come from different worlds, so their pride reflects upon what their focus is. Being that the Greeks come from a world that focuses on man, they are not afraid to admire themselves as all they truly care about is their pride and honor because that is what is carried on through history, and what me n will be talking about even when they are dead. However, the Jews fear the Lord far more than man, so they are willing to put their pride aside in order to enliven the Lord above all. When faced with similar situations the characters from The Iliad and the Tanakh, go about the situation differently, because their central focuses in life are different from one another.

Free Essays: The Youth of Red Badge of Courage and Youth of Today :: Red Badge Courage Essays

Youth of Red tag of Courage and Youth of Today     As a young piece of todays society, I dont fear conclusion. If I did fear death, I would be dead. There are so more sources of death today, manage car wrecks, shootings, drugs, and diseases that if I was constantly afraid of whole of them, I couldnt leave my own backyard. Therefore, I refuse to confide that death will happen to me. In the novel The Red badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, the 19th century youth, like youths of today, is unafraid of death, just his abstract thought is different, so he actually welcomes death. The average youth of today isnt afraid of death because it seems to happen to other people. Death is distant. Every day, we depict about people being killed in this or drowned in that provided it never happens to someone we know. If someone we know does die, we are shocked and strained to reconsider our lives because, for an instant, we realize that we could die as well.   Unlike us, the youth in The Red Badge of Courage knows about death first hand, and he is unafraid. When the youth was young, his father died. Through the novel, the youth is fighting in the bloodiest warfare on American soil and the war that caused the most casualties per capita of any U.S. war. He has seen corpses and walked with dying men. He was trying to help one of his injured paladins when his friend died convulsively. Earlier in his experiences, especially when he first encountered fighting, he was vastly afraid of death, so afraid that he ran away from battle. During the passage, and later in the novel, he knows that he could die at any time but he is unapprehensive.   When death does strike a loved one, I spirit that it is unfair. Why, I ask, Did granny have to die? She was such a agreeable old woman. Why couldnt some bum have died quite? I didnt want her to die and I feel like she was undeserving of death. Likewise, the youth feels like death is unfair but in just the oppo site way. He wishes that death would not fall on the Unknown Soldier, but would fall on him. Like us, he sees death as brought on by luck and being unfair, but unalike us, during this passage, he thinks that death is lucky.

Charles Dickens :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Charles dickensCharles Dickens, a nineteenth century writer, tells a bosh about ayoung boy in England and the adventures that happen to him. In readingthe harbour the reader becomes entwined in the plot by Dickenss expertwriting and style. Using antithetical scenes and scenarios, Dickensdisplays his characters temperament in a way the few other writerscould. In the bulk Oliver Twist, Dickens uses different events thathappen around Oliver instead letting Oliver solve his own fate. In thebook, other characters determine Olivers path in conduct, and Oliver isthe subject around which the story revolves. The accidents in the storygive skill to Oliver and add depth to the story that increases elementsof mystery and suspense.In the beginning of the book, Mrs. widget is helping Olivers mothergive birth to the young child. Mrs. doohickey takes charge of Oliverslife just as he is born(p) by stealing Olivers only link with his father,his mothers hus stage set. Stealing the m others ring also commits Oliver toa life of lower social status because of his supposed illegitimacy.Oliver moves to the colorful forces in the book when he starts withabsolutely nothing from his very birth. The statuss of good and evil,light and dark respectively, are also arts used by Dickens to displaydifferent sides of the social coin in England. Accidents tie in closelywith this device because it is by accident that Oliver transferres toone side or another. After outlay time in the dark forces, Oliverthen switches back to the light side by a run in with Mr. Brownlow, acompassionate citizen who pities Oliver and afterward takes care of him. Ofall the people that Oliver could run into Mr. Brownlow happens to be oneof those people who Oliver desperately needed and who could and wouldprovide for Oliver. In another example of an accident, and a shift backinto the dark forces, Oliver happens to make a wrong bend and end up inthe hands of a band of crooks who preferably h ad taken possession ofOliver. By chance the appropriate person was in the alley that Oliver,by chance, walked into when he was passing through the city of London.In the last transition of chance, Oliver is caught breaking and enteringinto a house that the band of crooks intends to pillage. This housecontains another compassionate and tender character that becomes like amother to Oliver. Luckily, and by chance, the shot that one of the

Lee, Robert E. (Edward) 1807 -- 1870 Essay -- Essays Papers

lee, Robert E. (Edward) 1807 -- 1870 General in important of the participator armies in the American Civil War. Born in Virginias Westmoreland County on January 19, 1807, the third gear son of Henry (Light Horse Harry) and Ann Hill Carter Lee. Declining fortunes constrained the familys removal to Alexandria, where Robert distinguished himself in local schools. His fathers death in 1811 increase responsibilities on all(prenominal) the sons Robert, especially, cared for his invalid mother. Lee graduated number dickens in his class from the U.S. Military honorary society in 1829. Commissioned a brevet lieutenant of engineers, he spent a few years at Fort Pulaski, Georgia, and Fort Monroe, Virginia. At Fort Monroe on June 30, 1831, he married Mary Ann Randolph Custis, with whom he had seven children. Lee worked in the chief engineers office in Washington, D.C., from 1834 to 1837. He was transferred to Fort Hamilton, New York, where he remained until 1846. In August 1846 Lee joine d General John E. Wools army in Texas. In the scrap of Buena Vista, Lees boldness drew his superiors attention. Transferred to General Winfield Scotts Veracruz expedition, in the battle at Veracruz and in the advance on Mexico he won additive acclaim. Following American occupation of the Mexican capital, he worked on maps for possible future campaigns. Already a captain in the regular service, he was made brevet colonel for his gallantry in the war. Lee returned to engineer commerce at Baltimores Fort Carroll until 1852, when he reluctantly became superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point. In 1855 he was made lieutenant colonel of the second Cavalry, one of the Armys elite units. The years 1857-1859 were bleak. Lee had to take several furloughs to rent with family business and seriously thought of resigning his commission. However, in 1859 he and his men successfully put down John Browns insurrection at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. In 1860 he became commander of the Depa rtment of Texas. Talk of secession in the South grew spirant during Lees Texas sojourn. No secessionist, he was loyal to the Union and the U.S. Army yet he had no doubts about his loyalties if Virginia departed the Union. Ties of blood bound him to the South. Lee genuine a commission as colonel of the 1st U.S. Cavalry in abut 1861. But offered command of the entire U.S. Army a month later, he hesitated. If he accepted... ...in chief of all Confederate armies in February 1865, could give and general direction to lingering disaster. Sherman marched upward through the Carolinas, threatening Petersburg. Lee failed to split Grants front. On April 2, Grants attack snapped Lees lines the Confederates began evacuating Petersburg and Richmond. Lee was compelled to surrender his shadow multitude of no more than 9,000 soldiers at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. Arlington, the Custis family seat, was gone now the Lees had no real home. They remained in Richmond, well treated by the Federals. In kinfolk Lee accepted the presidency of Washington College, in Lexington, Virginia, where he remained until his death. devoted to education and to resurrecting the South, Lee became a symbol of reunification. He refused to abandon his dysphoric country, hoped for Southern reassimilation, and set a lofty example. Without bitterness, he obeyed the law and counseled all Southerners to do the same. Indicted for treason, he never stood trial and although never granted a pardon, he lived in comfort and in great honor. In family 1870 he was stricken, probably with an acute attack of angina, and died on October 12.

Job Satisfaction and Employee Motivation Essay -- Employment Managemen

Job Satisfaction and Employee MotivationAbstractThe consumption of this paper is to illustrate how motivation is instilled in the workplace with co-workers and oneself. In addition, objects that execute the job satisfying will be discussed. BodyMotivation is something that end come and go in an instant. The workplace often fag be a fun and lie withable place, but other times it thunder mug be the pit of hell. Not only do most of us cope with stress, fatigue, mental and physical anguish, but we must besides unadulterated the mission that is set forth for us. Motivation is delivered in many unalike ways. Each person may be different, but sometimes we grant the same types of motivation with others. A soldiers motivation usually starts when he or she enlists, as this is a voluntary action they fork out taken, were they motivated by pride, anger, or even a sense of wanting a big family. We may never know all the answers, but we can determine how they are motivated.Earl y on as a soldier to each one person must go through basic instruction. This basic training is used to teach sunrise(prenominal) recruits some of the basic things to keep them alive. The new soldiers learn skills from the common skills manuals. The manual contains critical common tasks that support unit of measurement wartime missions. Some of the skills that are trained are first aid, how to employ refine mines, patrolling, basic marksmanship, different weapons, communication, survival techniques, land navigation, crowd control, protect against a nuclear biological chemical attack, customs and laws of war, and handling remains. No count what the task or skill it is essential that each person have a buddy. These buddies are your motivation they are your friends, your confidant. Often times a group of so... ... ConclusionAs can be seen people reward motivated from many different things. Friends can be motivation, money, personal pride, devotion and even life itself. No matter where one gets their motivation, it is a constant battle to find how we can motivate e reallyone. As leaders in todays society we often struggle finding that one thing that can motivate even one person. When we are motivated it can also motivate others to join in. Motivation is not only a key out part of making business and the world successful, it also fuels the way to new ideas and innovations. Job satisfaction can be found in very subtle ways or even extreme. I find it in both I am very happy with the pay and enjoy the change of scenery week by week.

Free College Essays - Change of Characters in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Change of Characters in Othello   Othellos character during the play is first demonstraten as a hero of war and a man of great pride and courage. The otherwise main characters in the play all form their own opinions of him and as the play continues, his character begins to deteriorate and become less noble. Chronologically with the play Othellos character limitings from a flawless military leader, to become a murderer. Also as the play progresses, the other characters in the play change their opinions of Othello which causes the plot to happen the way it did. Throughout the first act of the play, Othello was shown as many different characters depending on who was speaking. Iago complains of Othellos pride and "bombast circumstance" and is arouse by the appointment of Cassio, and educated military theoretician of Florence to lieutenant, instead of himself. Although he knows Othello is a proud man, his open and trusting nature in the author of the play will be e roded by the conclusion of the plot. As Iago is speaking to Brabantio about Othello, he uses the term "white ewe" to represent Desdemona, and " black ram" when referring to Othello. By using these terms, it shows that he is trying to give a bad impression of Othello when he is speaking to the royal family in Venice, because Othello is a Moor or a Negro. Iago shows his black hatred for the Moor, and his jealousy of Cassio in his first soliloquy and also reveals his evil intentions. As the act continues and Othello is macrocosm searched for by a group of people, Iago attempts to incite Othello into anger against Brabantio, but Othello does not take the bait. He feels that he (Brabantio) may do his worst because Othello is secure that his military services to the government will outweigh Brabantios complaints of him marrying Desdemona. These answers to Iagos persistence show that he is politic a character of calmness and dignity, and he still has the self-assurance s uitable to command armies of men. When Othello is plunge by Cassio, he seems to be relieved because he does not like personal conflict, which would have occurred if Brabantio had found him instead. After he is found, Othello is taken to Brabantio where he is interrogated on how he possess Desdemona enough in order to make her run off with him.

If I Do Not Possess Integrity, I Am No One Essays -- Educational Caree

Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong clean principles. I have taken in stride these qualities throughout the eld of my life history. I have been taught virtue by my parents and by some teachers in my educational and personalized life. Without integrity there is no entrust or respect for people in the world. Amy Rees Anderson as an entrepreneur turned into a counselor and angel investor, shares her opinions on integrity in business and life experiences. Also Brett and Kate McKay take a look at the things that ch eitherenge your integrity and the consequence of your choices.In the article Success Will Come and Go, simply Integrity is Forever by Amy Rees Anderson, Amy gives her definition of integrity and includes experiences she has witnessed as an entrepreneur and counselor. Amys definition of integrity is doing the right thing at all times and in all circumstances, whether or not anyone is watching. This is the best room to explain integrity just as I have experience recently in my Business Law class. During a test, there was no supervision and a lot of students compose aside their integrity and put themselves and others in a difficult situation. The author goes on to say that It takes having the fearlessness to do the right thing, no matter what the consequences go out be. The majority of the students who did cheated confessed to their faults. It takes a long time to build integrity, especially in educational move like college. Most classes last around 5 months each semester and harmonise to Amy, integrity takes years to build. Within one class, the class integrity was disoriented and Im sure there is no real trust between the professor and student. If someone cheats once, its very possible that they will cheat again. Even ... ...restaurant. The person then thinks oh What the hell? only this once, Ill start the diet again tomorrow. The same thing can transcend in other aspects of integrity. You via media cheating for t he moment and before you be intimate it, youre cheating all the time.All in all, once you compromise your integrity its hard to gain it back. There are many reasons why people compromise their integrity in education, careers, and in personal life. It is up to them to make the right decisions that will develop them into better, well view people in the world.Works CitedAnderson, Amy Rees. Success Will Come and Go, tho Integrity Is Forever. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 28 Nov. 2012. Web. 26 Nov. 2013.McKay, Brett & Kate. What Strengthens and Weakens Our Integrity Part I why Small Choices Count. The Art of Manliness RSS. N.p., 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 26 Nov. 2013.

A Freudian Analysis of The Fatal Sisters Essay -- The Fatal Sisters

A Freudian Analysis of The foreboding(a) Sisters   When the psychoanalytical approach is applied to Thomas Grays The Fatal Sisters,, each of Freuds three main theories are glaringly apparent. A study factor in the poems psychoanalytical grisly texture is that the poem is render by the giants at the loom as they weave. The language they use not only reflects upon the characters, but it offers new insight for Freudian analysis. The most apparent example of Freuds theories is ph onlyic and yonic symbolism. (HCAL 132) War is being fought by the male warriors and all of the descriptions of the woof of war are rife with phallic symbolism. One blooming example of this is line 22, Pikes must shiver, javelins sing. The valkyries--who are the only characters mentioned by soma in the giantesss song--are accompanied by appropriate yonic symbols. Gondula, and Geira, spread/Oer the untested king your shield (31-32) The loom portrays an interesting blend of both types of symbols. The Sword, that erst a monarch bore, (15) is one of the phallic symbols of the loom, dealing with the p...

Manic Depressive Treatments Essay -- Psychology Lithium Medical Essays

Manic Depressive TreatmentsIntroduction lithium was discovered in 1949 by John Cade as a treatment for bipolar disorder. Since then, atomic number 3 has experience a highly utilized medication for manic depression. interpersonal chemistry of lithium and Route of AccessName lithiumGroup progeny 1Symbol LiGroup name Alkali coatnuclear weight 6.941 (2) g m rPeriod tot 2CAS Registry ID 7439-93-2Block s-blockStandard state solid at 293 KColor silvery white/grayClassification tinny lithium is a Group 1 (IA) element containing just a iodin valence electron (1s22s1). Group 1 elements are called al-Qaeda metals. atomic number 3 is a solid only about half as duncical as water supply. A freshly cut chunk of lithium is silvery, exclusively tarnishes in a minute or so in telephone line to give a gray surface.Lithium is mixed (alloyed) with atomic number 13 and magnesium for lightweight alloys, and is also used in batteries, close to greases, some glasses, and in medicine.Lithium would not normally be made in the research lab as it is so readily available technically. All syntheses select an electrolytic step as it is so difficult to add an electron to the badly electronegative lithium ion Li+. The ore spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2, is the most important commercial ore containing lithium. The a make is first converted into the softer b form by heat up to around 1100C. This is mixed carefully with hot sulphuric irate and extracted into water to form lithium sulphate, Li2SO4, solution. The sulphate is washed with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, to form a precipitate of the relatively insoluble lithium carbonate, Li2CO3.Li2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + Li2CO3 (solid)Reaction of lithium carbonate wi... ...y, Robert L. (Eds.) (2004). Psychology Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. New York The Guilford Press.Kalat, James W. (2004). biologic Psychology. Canada Wadsworth.Knable, Michael B. and Torrey E. Fuller. (2002). last Manic Depression. New Yo rk Basic Books.Leavitt, Fred. (1995). Drugs and Behavior. California Sage Publications.Lithiums personal effects on Bipolar Disease. Retrieved attest 5, 2005. From http//sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_422.htmlOpresko, Dennis M. (May 1995). Toxicity Summary for Lithium. Retrieved March 3, 2005. From http//risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/lith.shtml.Winter, localise (1993-2003). Chemistry WebElements Periodic Table Professional Edition Lithium see Information. Retrieved February 28, 2005. From http//www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Li/key.html. Manic Depressive Treatments Essay -- Psychology Lithium Medical EssaysManic Depressive TreatmentsIntroductionLithium was discovered in 1949 by John Cade as a treatment for bipolar disorder. Since then, lithium has become a highly utilized medication for manic depression. Chemistry of Lithium and Route of AccessName LithiumGroup number 1Symbol LiGroup name Alkali metalAtomic weight 6.941 (2) g m rPeriod number 2CAS Registry ID 7439-93-2Block s-blockStandard state solid at 293 KColor silvery white/grayClassification MetallicLithium is a Group 1 (IA) element containing just a single valence electron (1s22s1). Group 1 elements are called alkali metals. Lithium is a solid only about half as dense as water. A freshly cut chunk of lithium is silvery, but tarnishes in a minute or so in air to give a gray surface.Lithium is mixed (alloyed) with aluminum and magnesium for lightweight alloys, and is also used in batteries, some greases, some glasses, and in medicine.Lithium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is so readily available commercially. All syntheses require an electrolytic step as it is so difficult to add an electron to the poorly electronegative lithium ion Li+. The ore spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2, is the most important commercial ore containing lithium. The a form is first converted into the softer b form by heating to around 1100C. This is mixed carefully with hot sulphuric acid and extracted into water to form lithium sulphate, Li2SO4, solution. The sulphate is washed with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, to form a precipitate of the relatively insoluble lithium carbonate, Li2CO3.Li2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + Li2CO3 (solid)Reaction of lithium carbonate wi... ...y, Robert L. (Eds.) (2004). Psychology Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. New York The Guilford Press.Kalat, James W. (2004). Biological Psychology. Canada Wadsworth.Knable, Michael B. and Torrey E. Fuller. (2002). Surviving Manic Depression. New York Basic Books.Leavitt, Fred. (1995). Drugs and Behavior. California Sage Publications.Lithiums Effects on Bipolar Disease. Retrieved March 5, 2005. From http//sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_422.htmlOpresko, Dennis M. (May 1995). Toxicity Summary for Lithium. Retrieved March 3, 2005. From http//risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/lith.shtml.Winter, Mark (1993-2003). Chemistry WebElements Periodic T able Professional Edition Lithium Key Information. Retrieved February 28, 2005. From http//www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Li/key.html.

The Revolt Of The Poor - The Demise Of Intellectual Property :: essays research papers

<a href="http//www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesThree geezerhood ago I published a curb of oblivious stories in Israel. The publishing dwelling house belongs to Israels leading (and exceedingly wealthy) newspaper. I sign a contract which stated that I am entitled to suck up 8% of the income from the sales of the book after commissions payable to distributors, shops, etc. A some months later, I won the coveted Prize of the Ministry of Education (for short prose). The prize money (a few thousand DMs) was snatched by the publishing house on the legal grounds that all the money generated by the book belongs to them because they own the copyright. In the mythology generated by capitalism to pacify the masses, the myth of quick-witted property stands out. It goes like this if the rights to smart property were not defined and enforced, commercial entrepreneurs would not have taken on the risks associ ated with publishing books, recording records and preparing multimedia products. As a result, creative hoi polloi testament have suffered because they will have found no way to make their works social to the public. Ultimately, it is the public which pays the price of piracy, goes the refrain. But this is factually untrue. In the USA thither is a very limited group of authors who actually live by their pen. Only select musicians eke out a living from their noisy business (most of them rock stars who own their labels George Michael had to fight Sony to do just that) and very few actors come close to deriving subsistence level income from their profession. All these can no longer be thought of as mostly creative people. laboured to defend thie intellectual property rights and the interests of Big Money, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Schwarzenegger and Grisham are businessmen at least as much as they are artists. Economically and rationally, we should wear that the costlier a work o f art is to produce and the narrower its market the more its intellectual property rights will be emphasized. Consider a publishing house. A book which costs 50,000 DM to produce with a potential interview of 1000 purchasers (certain academic texts are like this) would have to be priced at a a minimum of 100 DM to recoup precisely the direct costs. If illegally copied (thereby shrinking the potential market some people will prefer to buy the cheaper illegal copies) its price would have to go up prohibitively, thus driving out potential buyers.

Essay --

Ro kingdom Joffs The Mission excellently demonstrates the powerful, far reaching, and frankly, life ever-changing effects cultural interaction between differing cultures can have. Set in the mid 18th century in the Amazon rainforest, the film to begin with focuses on drive Gabriel, a Jesuit guardianshipary played by Jeremy Irons, as he establishes a Christian commissioning for the purpose of converting the domestic Guarani people, and later as he organizes a resistance effort opposing the closing of the mission. In critical instances throughout the movie, the positive effect of cultural interaction is evidently clear, as the Guarani way of life is greatly improve through the knowledge and technology Father Gabriel, Mendoza and the rest of the mission premise to the Guarani, while in other scenes the obvious downsides of cultural interaction argon violently and brutally exposed as Portuguese settlers destroy the mission and enslave the Guarani.Father Gabriels first meeting wi th the Guarani concludes with his music hold in the Guarani with its purity and perfection. At first, the Guarani atomic number 18 hesitant as they encircle him, nevertheless Father Gabriel does not run for safety or plea for his life, kind of he simply continues to play his oboe as the stunned natives listen. No words are spoken, and no violence occurs, instead the native Guarani are intrigued by Father Gabriel, allowing him to live and he gradually wins their trust. Over time, Father Gabriels mission serves as a place of safe oasis and learning for the Guarani. Father Gabriel and his priests, among them Mendoza and others, teach the Guarani how to carve and play flutes, violins, and other instruments, as well how to sing with vigour and passion. In various scenes, the mission consort can be heard ... ...Portuguese governments, the Guarani and Jesuits relationship is strained. During the land exchange, the Spanish minister concludes that the mission is to be closed down by f orce if necessary. All the Jesuit missionaries and many Guarani warriors are wounded and/or killed in the impending battle. The sequence in which the Portuguese settlers torch the mission in the name of bloodlust expresses cultural interaction between cultures who do not see eye to eye has its negatives, as well as positives. though the true heroes of the film are killed, Father Gabriels convictions live on in the Guarani whose lives he touched. The final lines of the movie, delivered by the emissary the Vatican reflect this doom well But in truth it is I who am dead, and they who live. For as always, your holiness, the spirit of the dead will survive in the memory of the living.

Leadership and Management Reflection Essay -- Leadership Model, Person

IntroductionIn this look for we will be introduced to a attraction who holds a high rear of authority in the military and gain some personal penetration on leadership and management. Then will look at this sources own temper traits and what leadership model the personality traits trump out match. Then look at the tenets of motivation and how this writers personality suites these tenets. Also look at the relationship between effective conference and motivation. Then finally we will look at some thoughts of what it takes to be an effective employee, successful manager, and an symbolic citizen.InterviewThe first part of this weeks assignment was to look was to interview a manager/leader that we admire and seek their insight on management. But before we establish the interview let me introduce you to who I selected as my interview subject. read/write head Master Sergeant Smith is the Chief Enlisted Manager of the 235th Operations Group, fifteenth Wing, Air Combat Command. Th e group consists of an HC-130 squadron, an HH-60 squadron, an operations support squadron, and a shielder Angel squadron (paramedics that parachute into bad places). He is responsible for matters concerning the health, welfare, morale, professional development, exercise and combat readiness of more than 400 military and 50 noncombatant personnel. Additionally, he advises the commander on operational matters, enlisted issues, unit standards, planning, programming and accusation readiness. Chief Master Sergeant Smith entered the Air Force in October 1993. After completing basic military training, he graduated from adept school as a Pararescueman in 1995. His assignments include bases in Japan, Kentucky, new(a) Mexico and Georgia. He has also deployed numerous times in support o... ...cation and motivation. at long last shared some thoughts on what are effective employees, successful managers, and exemplary citizens. Works CitedBusinessDictionary.com (2013) Definition of org anizational structure retrieved from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-structure.htmlLazarus, C. (2011) Simple Keys to in effect(p) Communication retrieved from http//www.psychologytoday.com/blog//simple-keys-effective-communicationLearning-Thories.com (2013) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs retrieved from http//www.learning-theories.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.htmlMindTools (2013) McClellands gay Motivation Theory retrieved from http//www.mindtools.com-team management Robbins, S., Decenzo, D., & Coulter, M. (2013) Fundamentals of management Essential concepts and applications (8th ed.). amphetamine Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall

Neolithic Pottery :: essays research papers

neolithic is of or relating to the cultural periods of the pitfall Age blood line around 10,000 B.C. in the Middle East and later elsewhere, characterized by the schooling of agriculture and the making of polished stone artifacts. The Neolithic Period is too called the New Stone Age. Many pissing pots and ceramic figures were raise in the ruins of Neolithic society plots of earth. People of Neolithic times made galore(postnominal) artifacts that were typic of their ways of action and culture such as water pots, fish, hunting and medical objects. Out of the artifacts found from the Neolithic period, the fish is symbolic to me because of the times spent with my father during fishing trips.The Neolithic Period across-the-board from 10,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C. It is also called the New Stone Age, and many new Advances and changes took place in this time. Unlike the nomadic life of the Old Stone Age, the New Stone Age was the dawning of settled life. People lived more towards lak es and river instead of caves and point trunks. The change in environment led to the change of jobs, society, and culture. Neolithic occasional objects reveal that fishing and hunting were the main occupations of the people. Neolithic art is delineate by a large number of objects found in marooned areas in Eastern Europe, Siberia and Central Asia. Neolithic people decorated corpse water vessels in a wide variety of ways that were really large and colorful. They also created bone, horn and wooden figurines of people and animals. The Earliest Neolithic pottery found in Siberia and Central Asia is similar to pottery found in northern Britain, suggesting that early Neolithic colonist may acquit come to Ireland from northern Britain. The pottery bowls were made by spin coils of clay in a circle to form the sides of the bowl, smoothing them, and finally flaming them on an open fire. After the making of these vessels were mastered, pottery was decorated with dots or lines in the surf ace of the clay. Neolithic people lived near rivers and lakes. The artifacts and life in the water became and important part of their lives by supporting them with food, cleansing and notice artifacts such as fish and shells. Fishing was an important job, and way of life because the abundance of fish fed entire villages. The fish were appreciated so much to the Neolithic people that they began making clay fish, as a symbol for their way of life.